همکاری با انجمن علمی مدیریت و کنترل مناطق بیابانی ایران

نویسندگان

1 استادیار پژوهشی،بخش منابع طبیعی،مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان چهارمحال و بختیاری،سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج

2 دانشیار پژ‌وهشی، بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اصفهان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اصفهان، ایران

3 دانشیار پژ‌وهشی، بخش تحقیقات آبخیزداری، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان چهارمحال و بختیاری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شهرکرد، ایران

10.22092/ijrdr.2024.130963

چکیده

سابقه و هدف
تغییر کاربری در اکوسیستم‌های طبیعی ازجمله سدسازی و تبدیل اراضی مرتعی به اراضی کشاورزی می‌تواند خسارت‌های جبران‌ناپذیری به اجزاء مختلف اکوسیستم وارد کند. براساس نتایج تحقیقات، مخرب‌ترین آن کاهش پوشش گیاهی، افزایش فرسایش و کاهش تنوع زیستی است. در مدیریت اکوسیستم‌های طبیعی، پایش تغییرات پوشش گیاهی از اهمیت بسیاری برخوردار است. این تحقیق با هدف بررسی تغییرات شاخص‌های پوشش گیاهی و تنوع گونه‌ای در اراضی زراعی شخم‌خورده، رهاشده و پوشش طبیعی مراتع اطراف سد زیرزمینی یان‌چشمه واقع در شهرستان بن استان چهارمحال و بختیاری انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها
بدین منظور، چهار سایت شامل مراتع طبیعی اطراف سد، اراضی بالادست سد (دیم‌زار در حال کشت)، اراضی محل احداث مخزن سد (شخم‌خورده و رهاشده کمتر از 7 سال) و اراضی پایین‌دست سد (رهاشده بیش از 15 سال) انتخاب و در هریک از سایت‌ها، سه ترانسکت به طول 50 متر موازی باهم و عمود بر شیب منطقه به فاصله 50 متر از هم مستقر شدند. تعداد 15 پلات 2*2 مترمربعی با فاصله ده متر از هم بر روی ترانسکت‌ها قرار گرفت و بعد در هر پلات، درصد تاج پوشش، زی‌توده هوایی، تراکم، درصد لاش‌برگ و خاک لخت یادداشت شد. از روش برآورد نظری به‌منظور تعیین سطح تاج پوشش گیاهان در پلات‌ها استفاده شد. زی‌توده هوایی گونه‌ها با استفاده از روش قطع و توزین تعیین شد. برای بررسی تنوع گونـه­ای، شاخص­های سیمپسون و شانون – وینر و برای مقایسه‌ غنای گونه­ای، شاخص­های مارگالف و منهینیک در نرم‌افزار Past محاسبه شدند. تعیین وضعیت مرتع با استفاده از روش چهار فاکتوری انجام شد.
نتایج
نتایج نشان داد که شخم و تغییر کاربری اراضی مرتعی به اراضی کشاورزی سبب کاهش معنی‌دار پوشش تاجی و به‌تبع آن کاهش میزان زی‌توده هوایی، تراکم و کاهش تنوع و غنای گونه‌ای در اراضی شخم‌خورده و رهاشده نسبت به مراتع شیب‌دار منطقه شده است. نتایج نشان داد که شخم اراضی علاوه بر کاهش پوشش، سبب تغییر در ترکیب گونه‌ای و افزایش گونه‌های یکساله و مهاجم و کاهش گونه‌های بوته‌ای شده است. براساس نتایج، تغییر کاربری مرتع سبب شد تا مراتع اطراف از وضعیت متوسط به وضعیت ضعیف و خیلی ضعیف در مراتع شخم‌خورده رهاشده و تحت کشت (بالادست) با گرایش منفی نزول پیدا کند.
نتیجه‌گیری
 اقدامات انجام شده برای احداث سد و به‌دنبال آن گسترش کشاورزی سبب شخم دوباره و دست‌کاری خاک در منطقه شده است. ضمن آنکه ممکن است در درازمدت، رها کردن کشاورزی در اثر افت سطح آب سد زیرزمینی سبب فرسایش بیشتر خاک شود. بنابراین، لازم است پایش تغییرات پوشش گیاهی در محدوده احداث سد به‌صورت مستمر در سال‌های آینده انجام گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Changes in vegetation indices and species diversity in plowed and abandoned agricultural lands and the natural cover of the rangelands around the Yan Cheshme underground dam, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province.

نویسندگان [English]

  • ELHAM fakhimi 1
  • Foroud Salehi 2
  • Saeed Naeem Emami 3

1 Assistant professor,Research Division of Natural Resources, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center,areeo,Shahrekord,Iran

2 Associate Research Professor, Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Esfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO,Esfahan,Iran

3 Associate Research Professor, Watershed Management Department, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO,Shahrekord,Iran

چکیده [English]

Abstract:
 
Background and objectives
Changing the use of natural ecosystems, including dam construction and also the conversion of pasture land to agricultural land, can cause irreparable damage to different parts of the ecosystem. Based on the research results the most destructive of them is the reduction of vegetation, the increase of erosion and also the reduction of biodiversity. In the management of natural ecosystems, monitoring vegetation changes is very important. The present research was carried out with the aim of investigating the changes in the vegetation cover indices and species diversity in the plowed and abandoned agricultural lands and the natural cover of the pastures around the Yan Chashmeh underground dam located in Ben city of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province.
 
Methodology
To carry out this research, four sites including natural pastures around the dam, lands upstream of the dam (rain fields under cultivation), lands where the dam reservoir is being built (plowed and abandoned for less than 7 years) and lands downstream of cedars have been planted for more than 15 years) were selected and in each of the sites, three transects with a length of 50 meters parallel to each other and perpendicular to the slope of the area were established at a distance of 50 meters from each other. 15 plots of 2 x 2 square meters were placed on the transects with a distance of ten meters from each other. And then, in each plot, the percentage of canopy cover, biomass, percentage density of leaf litter and bare soil were recorded. The theoretical estimation method was used to determine the level of plant canopy in the plots. The biomass of the species was determined using the cutting and weighing method. In order to check species diversity, Simpson and Shannon-Wiener indices and to compare species richness, Margalf and Menhinik indices were calculated in Past software. Determining the condition of the pasture was done using two modified four-factor and six-factor methods.
 
Results
 The results showed that plowing and changing the use of pasture land to agricultural land has caused a significant reduction in the crown cover and, as a result, a decrease in the amount of biomass density, and also a decrease in diversity and species richness in the plowed and abandoned lands compared to the sloping pastures of the region. The results showed that in addition to reducing the cover, plowing has caused a change in the species composition and an increase in annual and invasive species and a decrease in shrub species. According to the results of the change of pasture use, the surrounding pastures decreased from average to weak and very weak condition in plowed and cultivated pastures (upstream) with a negative trend.
 
Conclusion
The measures taken to build the dam and then the expansion of agriculture have caused plowing and soil manipulation in the region. Besides, it is possible that in the long term, abandoning agriculture due to the drop in the water level of the underground dam will cause more soil erosion. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously monitor the vegetation changes in the area of dam construction in the coming years.

Agha Babaei Taganki, Z., Tahmasabi, P., Asadi, A. and  Shirmardi, H., 2014. Determining the indicator plant species in different stages of succession in the semi-steppe pastures of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province, Journal of Plant Bioecosystem Protection, 2(4):95-102(in Persian).
- Arzani. H., 1997.Some aspect of estimsating short term and long term rangeland carrying capacity in the western division of new thouth- wales Ph.D.thesis. Uneversity of New South Wales. Australia.147Pp.
- Arzani, H., 2009. Final report of the national rangeland assessment plan of different climatic regions of Iran. Publications of the Forests and Rangelands Research Institute, 425     Pp.
- Arzani, H. and Abedi, M., 2014 Pasture evaluation, volume 2: Vegetation measurement. First edition, Tehran University Press, 306 Pp (in Persian).
- Cramer, V.A., Hobbs, R.J. and Standish, R.J. 2008. What's new about old fileds? Land abandonment and ecosystem assembly. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 23(3):104-112.
-Ejtihadi, H., Sepehri, A.S. and Akafi, H.R., 2010. Biodiversity Measurement Methods, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Publications, 228 Pp(in Persian).
- Elon, H., Qurbani, J., Shokri, M. and Jaafarian, Z., 2016. Study of vegetation cover in two types of pastures and their adjacent agricultural lands in a part of the pastures below the Tangab dam area in Firuzabad city, Fars province,Journal of Rangeland, 1(4):370-385(in Persian).
- Farrokhzadeh, M. and Rostamzadeh,. 2016. Evaluating the effect of large dams on land use change using remote sensing and GIS: Sattar Khan Ahar Dam, Journal of Space planning and design magazine, 11(1):66-47(in Persian).
-Flinn,K.M. and Vellend,M.,2005.Recovery of forest plant communities in post-agricultural landscaps frontiers in Ecology and Environment,3(3):243-250(in Persian).
-Hadian, F., Hosseini, Z.A. and Dehdari, S.,2014. Investigating the destruction of vegetation due to dam construction using satellite images, 2014. Scientific-Research Quarterly of Plants and Ecology, 44(1):55-68(in Persian).
-Gholami, P., Ghorbani, J. and Shokri, M., 2013. The effects of simplifying pasture ecosystems on changes in species diversity and functional traits of the seed bank; Environmental Science Quarterly, 9(4): 109-120(in Persian).
- Hartley,W.,Dickinson,N.M,Riby.P and .Shutes,B.,2012.Sustainable ecological restoration of brownfield sites through engineering or managed natural attenuation?Acase stady from Northwest England Ecological Engineering,40(1):70-79.
- Jangjoo, M., Nooe Dost, F. and Rahimi, F., 2014. Comparison of plant functional groups in drylands left in natural pasture cover, Iran's Natural Resources Journal, 68(4):835-855(in Persian).
-Johansson, L.J., Hall, K., Prentice, H.C., Ihse, M., Reitalu, T., Sykes, M.T. and Kindstromc, M., 2008. Semi-natural grassland continuity, long-term land-use change and plant species richness in an agricultural landscape on Oland, Sweden. Landscape and Urban Planning. 84(3-4):200-211.
- Li, W., Li, J., Zhang, R., Liu, Sh., Zhou, H., Yao, B., Guo, M.  And Wang, F., 2017. Forbs rather than grasses as key factors affecting succession of abandoned fields: - A case study from a subalpine region of the eastern Tibet. Earth Sciences,6(5):80-87.
-Lopez-Marino.A.E.E., Luis-Calabuig.F.,Filllat and Bermuudes F.F., 2000. Floristic composition of established vegetation and the soil seed bank in oasture communities under different traditional management regimes.Agriculture.Ecosystems and Environment.78 (2):273-282.
-Mesdaghi M., 2011, Description and analysis of vegetation, Jihad Daneshgahi Mashhad Press, Mashhad, Iran, 288Pp (in Persian).
- Mirzaei, H., 1996. Investigating the effect of forest crown cover on undergrowth of pasture forest in the oak forests of the West, Journal of Research and Construction, 35(1):55-63(in Persian).
-Moghadam, M.R,.2004. Range land and Rangeland management, Tehran university press.Tehran,Iran,330Pp (in Persian).
-Mumzaei, A., Talebi, A. and Emami,S.N.,2018.Underground dam location using hierarchical analysis process and geographic information system (case study: Shahrekord and Marghmalek watersheds), Journal of environment and water engineering,2(4):137-147.(in Persian).
- Pakzad, Z., Rayini Sarjaz, R. and Khodagoli, M., 2012. Investigating climatic factors on the habitats of (Astragallus adsendens) in Isfahan province, Journal of Rangelad and Desert Research, 20(1):122-199(in Persian).Ramezani, N. Jafari, R. Iranlu, 2010. Survey of land use changes in Esfrain North Khorasan in the last 4 decades, Iranian Journal of Remote Sensing and GIS, 3(2):19-37(in Persian).
- Rey Benayas, J.M., Martins, A., Nicolau, J.M. and Schulz, J.J., 2007. Abandonment of agricultural land: an overview of drivers and consequences. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, 57(2):1-14.
- Romermann, C., Dutoit, T., Poschlod, P. and Buisson, E.,2005. Influence of former cultivation on the unique Mediterranean steppe of France and consequences for conservation management. Biological Conservation, 121(1):21-33.
- Rushvand S., Safai, J., Darvish, A. and Rafiei Imam, A., 2012. Investigating the potential of desertification from the point of view of vegetation deterioration (Case study: Rood Shur Qazvin), ), Journal of Iran Pasture and Desert Research, 20(1): 49-38(in Persian).
- Shirmardi, H.A., Heydari, Q.A., Qurbani, J., Tahamasbi, P. and Mahnetkash, A.M., 2017.Changes of vegetation cover indices in abandoned lands in different years in pastures of Shirmard region, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Plant Ecology Quarterly, 6(13): 177-197(in Persian).
-Tolera M. Z., Asfawa, M., Lemenih E. And  Karltun, E., 2008. Woody species diversity in a changing landscape in the south-central highlands of Ethiopia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 128(1): 52–58
-Vahabzadeh, A.H., 2008. Principles of environmental scirnce Jahad-e-daneshgahi of Mashhad press.439 p(in Persian).
- Wang, N., Jiao, J.Y., Du, H.D., Wang, D.L., Jia, Y.F. and Chen, Y., 2013. The role of local species pool, soil seed bank and seedling pool in natural vegetation restoration on abandoned slope land. Ecological Engineering, 52(1):28-36.
- Zahtabiyan, G., Jafari, M. and Amiri, B., 2014. The effect of agricultural operations (rain farming) on the destruction of lands in Zanjan province (Khodabande city), Journal of Iranian Natural Resources, 58(1): 65-75(in Persian).