Parviz Karami; Fariba Nemati
Volume 30, Issue 2 , September 2023, , Pages 247-263
Abstract
Background and objectives The growth of the population and the increase in food needs have caused humankind to turn to manipulating nature and converting natural lands into crops, especially rainfed agriculture, to provide the food they need. For various reasons, a large part of these lands is abandoned ...
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Background and objectives The growth of the population and the increase in food needs have caused humankind to turn to manipulating nature and converting natural lands into crops, especially rainfed agriculture, to provide the food they need. For various reasons, a large part of these lands is abandoned every year, which causes many changes in the physical and chemical properties of the soil. This research aimed to compare the most important physical and chemical characteristics of soil in two land uses, including rangeland and abandoned rainfed in Kurdistan province. Methodology This research was carried out in Kurdistan province. For this purpose, four regions, including Kilak, SalavatAbad, SarabQamish, and Mamukh, were selected in Sanandaj city. In each region, two neighboring rangelands and abandoned drylands were selected. Three 100-meter transects were established in each land use by random-systematic method, and soil samples were collected from 0-30 cm depth. Depending on the conditions and area of the region, 20 composite samples were taken in Kilak, 20 Salavat Abad, 14 Sarab Qamish, and 8 Mamukh. Half of the samples were collected in rangeland, and the other half in abandoned dryland. In the laboratory, soil physical and chemical factors, including acidity, electrical conductivity, absorbable potassium, percentage of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, soil texture, and bulk density, were measured by usual laboratory methods. A factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design to analyze the data. The Duncan test was used to compare the means. Results The results showed no significant difference in the percentage of clay, silt, sand, and specific mass in the comparison of rangelands in four regions, the comparison of abandoned dryland in the four regions, and the comparison of abandoned dryland in each region. The comparison of the average acidity of abandoned rangeland and dryland did not show any significant difference in any region. Electrical conductivity in Kilak, Salavat Abad, and Sarab Qamish areas was higher than in dryland. However, only in Kilak was there a statistically significant difference. The electrical conductivity of rangeland soil was 143; in abandoned wetlands, it was 109.The comparison of abandoned rangelands and drylands in terms of total nitrogen and carbon numerical values showed that rangelands were more than abandoned drylands in all areas. This meant that nitrogen was 24%, 40%, and 42.8% higher in the Kilak, Sarab Qamish, and Mamukh regions. And statistically, their difference was significant. Also, the carbon difference between the rangeland and the dryland in Mamukh was statistically significant (1.47% in the rangeland and 0.74% in the dryland). There was a significant difference in the amount of phosphorus between the rangeland, 94 mg/kg, and the abandoned dryland, with 234 mg/kg only in the Mamukh region. Only in the Sarab Qamish area was soil potassium higher than in the rangeland by 24.7% in the abandoned dryland.Comparing rangelands and abandoned drylands in terms of the numerical amount of total nitrogen and carbon, it can be concluded that in all areas, the rangeland was more than the abandoned drylands, so that nitrogen in Kilak, Sarab-Qamish and Mamukh regions was 24, 40, respectively, and 42.8% more, their difference was statistically significant and also the carbon difference in Mamukh was statistically significant (rangeland 1.47% and dryland 0.74%). There was a significant difference in phosphorus between rangeland, 94 mg/kg, and abandoned dryland, 234 mg/kg only in the Mamukh area. There was a significant increase in soil potassium in abandoned drylands by 24.7% over rangeland soil in the Sarab-Qamish region. Conclusion This research indicates that the change of land use from rangeland to dryland and then abandonment will change the soil's physical and chemical properties. After about 40 years since the drylands were abandoned, there has been an improvement in most of the physical and chemical factors investigated in this research. In this research, 40 years have been considered. It is suggested to consider different periods in the secondary sequence in future research. This will enable us to determine more precisely when the soil can improve. Also, similar research should be done in other ecological regions with different conditions so that the effect of climatic and topographical factors can be clearly defined.
Salahudin Zahedi; yahya parvizi
Volume 27, Issue 2 , June 2020, , Pages 276-286
Abstract
Global warming due to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, has led to drastic climate change in recent decades. This has intensified the process of degradation of natural resources, soil and water, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. One of the most important ...
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Global warming due to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, has led to drastic climate change in recent decades. This has intensified the process of degradation of natural resources, soil and water, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. One of the most important tools for adapting or modifying the consequences of this crisis is the sequestration and storage of carbon by natural ecosystems with the help of efficient management tools such as rangeland and watershed management. This study was conducted to evaluate and quantify carbon storage in various types of biological remediation and rehabilitation operations, including pit-seeding and exclosure in the Gavdareh watershed of Kurdistan province. Sampling was performed in soil and plant units using a systematic random sampling method of aerial parts, roots, litter, and soil. Samples were analyzed in vitro. The results of the statistical analysis of the data indicated that the amount of vegetation carbon storage in the experimental treatments had a significant difference (p≤ 0.05). The least significant difference in this level of probability is 334.35 kg/ha (p≤ 0.05), and also the results of comparing the mean yield of these treatments showed that the amount of carbon storage in the exclosure was higher than other treatments, and compared to the experimental control in the upper and higher class. The average total carbon stored per unit area was 8809 kg/ha, 67% of which was related to carbon storage in the soil. In general, it is concluded that biological remediation operations, especially exclosure, have a high capacity for carbon storage, and the soil is the most important carbon reservoir in this operation.
Rahman Ebneabbsi; Hosein Maroofi
Volume 15, Issue 3 , January 2008, , Pages 415-422
Abstract
For determining the nutritional value of Prangos ferulacea roughage in vegetative, flowering and seeding phenological stages, 30 samples were collected including five replication and two plants. After drying, using A.O.A.C method the attributes of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, gross ...
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For determining the nutritional value of Prangos ferulacea roughage in vegetative, flowering and seeding phenological stages, 30 samples were collected including five replication and two plants. After drying, using A.O.A.C method the attributes of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, gross energy, crude ash as well as the minerals Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Cu, Mn, Zn and Fe were measured. The results showed significant differences (P<0.05) for both attributes in triple phonological stages: 15.2, 9.4 and 7.2 percent, and 15.8, 27.9 and 29.2 percent for crude protein and crude fiber, respectively. The macro elements minerals Ca, P, Na and Mg were measured 1.7, 0.17, 0.02, and 0.31 p.p.m. and the micro elements minerals Cu and were measured 8.0 and 32.6 p.p.m.. As a livestock forage, the mineral amounts, except P and Na, determined above the critical level in this species in Saral region.
Jamal Hasani; Amrali Shahmoradi
Volume 14, Issue 2 , January 2007, , Pages 171-184
Abstract
Autecology's studies on plant are conducted to investigate about the relationships between a particular plant and other components of ecosystem. Ecological knowledge about range plant species are essential for rehabilitation, and management of rangelands. This study was accomplished to provide information ...
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Autecology's studies on plant are conducted to investigate about the relationships between a particular plant and other components of ecosystem. Ecological knowledge about range plant species are essential for rehabilitation, and management of rangelands. This study was accomplished to provide information about ecological characteristics of range plant of prangos ferulacea from 2001-2004 in Kurdistan Province. In the survey, some topographic, climatic and edaphically aspects, as well as boundaries of the ecological habitats of this species were delineated. Phonological stages, root system, crown cover, density, reproduction, adequate depth for seed planting, preference value of this plant were evaluated. The results showed habitats from view point of crown cover not significant difference at ά ≤ 0.05, but from aspect of density and regeneration were significant difference between of them at ά ≤ 0.05 & 0.01. The highest average of plant density achieved in Daraki 16.7 in 4 square meter and lowest density in Ariz 6.5 plant in 4 square meters. The Daraki habitat’s from aspect of plant regeneration with 13.3 plants in 4 square meters was better than the other, and Shian has the lowest regeneration (3.1 plant). Phonological stages showed that this plant has a short period of growth and starts in April and continues still early August. Soil texture and soil depth were affected on root grow and development. In Khan and Ariz habitats, penetration of root were 140 & 177.5 centimeters, whereas this parameter measured in Shian and Daraki 146.7 & 77.75 centimeters, sufficient depth for seeding Prangos ferulacea was 4 centimeter. Average of thousand Seed weight 212 gram was measured. Plant mostly grows at 500 mm. rainfall, 1700-2300m.above sea level and northern slopes in Kurdistan. Test of soil texture indicates that this plant grows in different soils, especially clay soil texture .Finally this plant has an important role in rangelands by having forage production and soil conservation.