Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Postdoctoral Combating Desertification, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran
2 PhD Student, Combating Desertification, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran
3 M.S Candidate, Faculty of Humanities, University of Hormozgan
4 Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Hormozgan
Abstract
Due to the prevailing arid and semi-arid climate, Iran has always suffered from the production and spread of airborne substances, especially dust. This phenomenon is very destructive due to its direct impact on the environment and human health. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the variation trend of aerosol optical depth (AOD), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), rainfall, temperature, wind speed, and correlation between AOD and climatic parameters in Iran. Data on AOD and NDVI were collected from Modis sensor images and other data from the ECMWF climate site over 2000-2019 with a spatial resolution of 10 km. The Mann-Kendall trend analysis was used to investigate the trend of changes in these parameters, and the linear correlation model was used to check the correlation between AOD and climatic data. The results of the variations trend of AOD, NDVI, and climate data showed that the trend of these parameters was different in different regions of Iran so that NDVI and rainfall had decreased by 85.13% and 67.57%, respectively, while AOD, wind speed, and the temperature had increased by 71.43%, 71.86%, and 99.37% across the country, respectively. The correlation of AOD, NDVI, rainfall, temperature and wind speed revealed that AOD had a negative correlation with NDVI and rainfall in 50.94% and 51.31% of the country, respectively, while its correlation was positive with temperature and wind speed over 68.42% and 50.36% of the country, respectively. Therefore, the increase in airborne suspended particles strongly depends on the trend of variations in vegetation cover and climatic factors, including rainfall, temperature, and wind speed, which can be well studied using satellite and climatic data with appropriate spatial and temporal resolution.
Keywords
- Abdemanafi, D., Meshkatee, A.H., Hajjam, S. and Vazifedoust, M., 2016. Study of the impact of aerosols on microphysics of clouds over Tehran. Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards, 5: 79-93.
- Ahmadaali, K., Eskandari Damaneh, H., Ababaei, B. and Eskandari Damaneh, H., 2021. Impacts of droughts on rainfall use efficiency in different climatic zones and land uses in Iran. Journal of Arabian Geosciences, 14: 1-15.
- Alfaro-Contreras, R., Zhang, J., Reid, J. S. and Christopher, S., 2017. A study of 15-year aerosol optical thickness and direct shortwave aerosol radiative effect trends using MODIS, MISR, CALIOP and CERES. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17(22):13849-13868.
- Bai, Z. G., Dent, D. L., Olsson, L. and Schaepman, M. E., 2008. Proxy global assessment of land degradation. Journal of Soil Use and Management, 24(3): 223-234.
- Bennouna, Y.S., Cachorro, V.E., Torres, B., Toledano, C., Berjón, A. and de Frutos, A.M., 2013. Atmospheric turbidity determined by the annual cycle of the aerosol optical depth over north-center Spain from ground (AERONET) and satellite (MODIS). Journal of Atmospheric Environment, 67: 352-364.
- Boroughani, M., 2020. Identification of dust source area in Sistan basin and determination of their characteristics. journal of Range and Desert Research , 27(3): 617-631.
- Charlson, R.J., Schwartz, S., Hales, J., Cess, R.D., Coakley, J.J. and Hansen, J., 1992. Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols. Journal of Science, 255: 423-430.
- Christensen, J.H. and Hewitson, P.B., 2007. Climate change 2007-the physical science basis: Working group I contribution to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC. Vol 4: Cambridge University Press..
- Cochrane, M.A., 2003. Fire science for rainforests. Journal of Nature, 421: 913-919.
- Dargahian, F. and lotfinasabasl, S., 2020. Identify trend of changes climatic zones in the watersheds leading to dust source In Khuzestan Province (Karkheh, Karoun and Zohreh - Jarahi). journal of Range and Desert Research, 27(2): 300-320.
- De Jong, R., De Bruin, S., De Wit, A., Schaepman, M. E. and Dent, D. L., 2011. Analysis of monotonic greening and browning trends from global NDVI time-series. Journal of Remote Sensing of Environment, 115(2): 692-702.
- Dee, D.P., Uppala S, M., Simmons, A., Berrisford, P., Poli, P. and Kobayashi, S., 2011. The ERA Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Journal of Quarterly the Royal Meteorological Society, 137: 553-597.
- Eck, T., Holben, B., Giles, D., Slutsker, I., Sinyuk, A. and Schafer, J., 2019. AERONET remotely sensed measurements and retrievals of biomass burning aerosol optical properties during the 2015 Indonesian burning season. Journal of Geophysical Research: Journal of Atmospheres, 124: 4722-4740.
- Eskandari Damaneh, H., Eskandari Damaneh, H., Khosravi, H. and Gholami, H., 2019. Analysis and monitoring of drought using NDVI index (Case study: the west basin of Jaz Murian wetland). Journal of Rangeland, 13(3): 461-475.
- Eskandari Damaneh, H., Jafari, M., Eskandari Damaneh, H., Behnia, M., Khoorani, A. and Tiefenbacher, J. P., 2021. Testing possible scenario-based responses of vegetation under expected climatic changes in Khuzestan Province. Journal of Air, Soil and Water Research, 14: 11786221211013332.
- Eskandari Dameneh, H., Gholami, H., Telfer, M.W., 2021. Desertification of Iran in the early twenty-first century: assessment using climate and vegetation indices. Journal of Scienfific Report 11, 20548.
- Hamed, K. H. and Ramachandra Rao, A., 1998. A modified Mann-Kendall trend test for autocorrelated data. Journal of Hydrology, 204: 182-196.
- He, P., Liang, J., Qiu, Y., Li, Q. and Xing, B., 2020. Increase in domestic electricity consumption from particulate air pollution. Journal of Nature Energy, 5: 985-995.
- He, Q., Zhang, M. and Huang, B., 2016. Spatio-temporal variation and impact factors analysis of satellite-based aerosol optical depth over China from 2002 to 2015. Journal of Atmospheric Environment, 129: 79-90.
- Hsu, N.C., Gautam, R., Sayer, A.M., Bettenhausen, C., Li, C. and Jeong, M.J., 2012. Global and regional trends of aerosol optical depth over land and ocean using SeaWiFS measurements from 1997 to 2010. Journal of Atmospher, 12: 8037-8053.
- Kampa, M. and Castanas, E., 2008. Human health effects of air pollution. Journal of Environmental Pollution, 151: 362-367.
- Karandish, F. and Mousavi, S.S., 2018. Climate change uncertainty and risk assessment in Iran during twenty-first century: evapotranspiration and green water deficit analysis. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 131: 777-791.
- Kaufman, Y.J., Koren, I. and Remer, L.A., 2005. The effect of smoke, dust, and pollution aerosol on shallow cloud development over the Atlantic Ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102: 11207-11212.
- Kaufman, Y.J., Tanré, D. and Boucher, O., 2002. A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system. Journal of Nature, 419: 215-223.
- Kendall, M.G., 1975. Rank Correlation Methods, Oxford Univercity Press New York.
- Kim, D., Kim, J., Jeong, J. and Choi, M., 2019. Estimation of health benefits from air quality improvement using the MODIS AOD dataset in Seoul, Korea. Journal of Environmental Research, 173: 452-461.
- Kumar, M., Parmar, K.S., Kumar, D.B., Mhawish, A., Broday, D.M. and Mall, R.K., 2018. Long-term aerosol climatology over Indo-Gangetic Plain: Trend, prediction and potential source fields. Atmospheric Environment, 180: 37-50.
- Li, X., Liang, H. and Cheng, W., 2020. Spatio-temporal variation in AOD and correlation analysis with PAR and NPP in China from 2001 to 2017. Journal of Remote Sensing, 12: 976-992.
- Li, X., Liu, K. and Tian, J., 2021. Variability, predictability, and uncertainty in global aerosols inferred from gap-filled satellite observations and an econometric modeling approach. Journal of Remote Sensing of Environment, 261: 112501.
- Li, X., Zhang, C., Zhang, B. and Liu, K., 2019. A comparative time series analysis and modeling of aerosols in the contiguous United States and China. Journal of Science of The Total Environment, 690: 799-811.
- Li, Z.Q., Zhu, Y.Y. and Zhuang, M., 2007. Development of multifunctional radiation monitoring instrument based on PLC technology. Hedongli Gongcheng/Nuclear Power Engineering, 28: 112-116.
- Liang, Y., Liu, L. and Hashimoto, S., 2020. Spatiotemporal analysis of trends in vegetation change across an artificial desert oasis, Northwest China, 1975–2010. Journal of Arabian Geosciences, 13(15): 1-13.
- Mann, H.B., 1945. Nonparametric tests against trend. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1: 245-59.
- Mehta, M., Singh, R., Singh, A., Singh, N. and Anshumali, p., 2016. Recent global aerosol optical depth variations and trends — A comparative study using MODIS and MISR level 3 datasets. Journal of Remote Sensing of Environment,181: 137-150.
- Modarres, R. and Da Silva, V.d.P.R., 2007. Rainfall trends in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Journal of Arid Environments, 2007: 70: 344-355.
- Mohammadpour, K., Saligheh, M., Darvishi Bloorani, A. and Raziei, T., 2020. Analysis and comparing satellite products and simulated of AOD in West Iran (2000-2018). Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental Hazards, 7: 15-32.
- Nickovic, S., Kallos, G., Papadopoulos, A. and Kakaliagou, O., 2001. A model for prediction of desert dust cycle in the atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, Journal of Atmospheres, 106: 18113-18129.
- Omara, M., Ramroudi, M., Rashki, A., Galavi, M. and Jabbari, M., 2021. Evaluation of dust effects on leaf, cluster and yield of palm trees (case study, Saravan), journal of Range and Desert Research , 28(2): 357-368.
- Penner, J., Hegg, D., Andreae, M., Leaitch, D., Pitari, G. and Annegarn, H., 2001. Ipcc, climate change 2001: Aerosols and indirect cloud effects. IPCC Third Assessment Report, 289-348.
- Pope, C.A. and Dockery, D.W., 2006. Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 56: 709-742.
- Prospero, J., Ginoux, P., Torres, O., Nicholson, S.E. and Gill, T.E., 2002. Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product. Journal of Reviews of Geophysics, 40: 2-31.
- Qin, W., Liu, Y., Wang, L., Lin, A., Xia, X. and Che, H., 2018. Characteristic and driving factors of aerosol optical depth over mainland china during 1980–2017. Journal of Remote Sensing ,10: 1064.
- Ratnam, M.V., Prasad, P., Raj, S.T.A., Raman, M.R. and Basha, G., 2021. Changing patterns in aerosol vertical distribution over South and East Asia. Journal of Scientific Reports, 11: 308-318.
- Samet, J.M., Dominici, F., Curriero, F.C., Coursac, I. and Zeger, S.L., 2000. Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in 20 U.S. cities, 1987-1994. Journal of New England Medicine, 343: 1742-1749.
- Savari, M., Eskandari Damaneh, H. and Eskandari Damaneh, H., 2021. Factors influencing farmers’ management behaviors toward coping with drought: evidence from Iran, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 64(11): 2021-2046.
- Sen, P.K., 1968. Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall’s tau. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 63(324):1379-89.
- Sharafi, S. and Mir Karim, N., 2020. Investigating trend changes of annual mean temperature and precipitation in Iran. Journal of Arabian Geosciences, 13: 759-765.
- Thompson, T.M., Rausch, S., Saari, R.K. and Selin, N.E., 2014. A systems approach to evaluating the air quality co-benefits of US carbon policies. Journal of Nature Climate Change, 4: 917-923.
- Tomasi, C., Lupi, A., Mazzola, M., Stone, R.S., Dutton, E.G. and Herber, A., 2012. An update on polar aerosol optical properties using POLAR-AOD and other measurements performed during the International Polar Year. Journal of Atmospheric Environment, 52: 29-47.
- Wang, D., Zhang, F., Yang, S., Xia, N. and Ariken, M., 2020. Exploring the spatial-temporal characteristics of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) in Central Asia based on the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS). Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192: 383.
- Wang, P., Ning, S., Dai, J., Sun, J., Lv, M. and Song, Q., 2017. Trends and variability in aerosol optical depth over North China from MODIS C6 aerosol products during 2001–2016. Journal of Atmosphere, 8: 223-237.
- Yousefi, R., Wang, F. and Ge, Q., 2021. Aerosol Trends during the Dusty Season over Iran. Journal of Remote Sensing, 13: 1045-1065.
- Yue, S., Pilon, P. and Cavadias, G., 2002. Power of the Mann–Kendall and Spearman's rho tests for detecting monotonic trends in hydrological series. Journal of Hydrology, 259: 254-271.
- Zhao, W.Y., Xu, S., Li, J.L., Cui, L.J., Chen, Y.N. and Wang, J.Z., 2008. Effects of foliar application of nitrogen on the photosynthetic performance and growth of two fescue cultivars under heat stress. Journal of Biologia plantarum, 52: 113-116.
- Zheng, Y., Davis, S.J., Persad, G.G. and Caldeira, K., 2020. Climate effects of aerosols reduce economic inequality. Journal of Nature Climate Change, 10: 220-224.
)