Asghar Ghasemi Phirouzabadi; Mohammad Jafari; Hossein Heidari sharifabad; Hossein Azarnivand; Hamid reza Abbasi
Volume 16, Issue 1 , December 2009, Pages 1-10
Abstract
Determination of plant resistance to drought and salinity is very important for selecting the favorable plant species in rangelands. The aim of this study was to compare the salinity and drought tolerance of the two rangeland species namely puccinelia distance and Aeluropus Littoralis. In this study ...
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Determination of plant resistance to drought and salinity is very important for selecting the favorable plant species in rangelands. The aim of this study was to compare the salinity and drought tolerance of the two rangeland species namely puccinelia distance and Aeluropus Littoralis. In this study biomass production of these two species was also compared. The Experimental design of split-split plot in randomized block was excuted for the study. The main plots were allocated to the treatments of 7 and 14 days irrigation periods. The subplot were 4 level of salinity including 100, 150, 200 mmolar Cl.Na and normal irrigation water as control respectively. The morphological criterias such as water potential, wilting percentage of the plants and also dry biomass were evaluated in this study. In the context of plant anatomy, The density of stomata per unit area of leaves, vesicular structure, mesophyt tissues and epidermis were also investigated. The results showed that wilting percentage increased with increasing salinity and water deficit(drought). With increasing the time of drought and salinity stress, the weight of dry stem and total dry mass were decreased. The wilting percentage and reduction of total dry biomass in Aeluropus Littoralis was more than puccinelia distance. It was concluded that puccinelia distance is more resistante compare to Aeluropus Littoralis while Aeluropus Littoralis is more tolerate to salinity stress.
Mahdi Adnani; Abbas Pourmeidani; Mahdi Farahpour
Volume 16, Issue 1 , December 2009, Pages 11-21
Abstract
This research plan was accomplished for introducing suitable plant species in semi-steppic regions of Qom province for increasing of the forage production in destroyed rangelands. The study area was in Veshnaveh with altitude of 2000 m above sea level and the annual rate of precipitation about 290 mm. ...
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This research plan was accomplished for introducing suitable plant species in semi-steppic regions of Qom province for increasing of the forage production in destroyed rangelands. The study area was in Veshnaveh with altitude of 2000 m above sea level and the annual rate of precipitation about 290 mm. The seeds of range species were cultivated in complete randomized block design. Three times of cultivation were done during 1377-80 that the first and second cultivations were unsuccessful due to insufficient quantity and distribution of precipitation. The third cultivation was done in 1379 and data recorded for 3 years. Of twelve cultivated species only four species of Festuca rubra, Festuca ovina, Elymus junceus,and Agropyron trichophorum did not germinated. 25 to 35 percent of Agropyron cristatum, Agropyron desertorum, Stipa barbata and 55 to 85 percent of Bromus tomentellus, Hordeum bulbosum, Secale montanum and Psatyrostachys fragilis were established. Psatyrostachys fragilis and Secale montanum reached to seed stage at first year and other species excluding Stipa barbata reached to flowering stage in the second year. Stipa barbata flowered in the third year. The percentage of flowering was different in all of the species. Analysis of variance of data showed survival of species had a significant difference in third year after inplanting (p=0.01).The means comparison of survival in grasses indicated that Psatyrostachys fragilis and Hordeum bulbosum had the most survival percentage so these species had the best adaptation into climatic and edaphic conditions of the area under study.
Sadegh Poormoradi; Ali ashraf Jafari
Volume 16, Issue 1 , December 2009, Pages 22-33
Abstract
In order to study of forage yield, and land equivalent ratio efficiency in pure stands and mix crop of red clover and tall fescue, 7 ecotypes of red clover (Trifolium pratense) and 1 ecotype of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) were sown in pure stand and 50% clover+50% tall fescue mix cropping using ...
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In order to study of forage yield, and land equivalent ratio efficiency in pure stands and mix crop of red clover and tall fescue, 7 ecotypes of red clover (Trifolium pratense) and 1 ecotype of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) were sown in pure stand and 50% clover+50% tall fescue mix cropping using complete block design with 3 replications during 2004 to 2006 in northern Alborz rangelands, Iran. Data were collected and analyzed for each year and combined over two years, using split plot in time design with years as sub plot. Duncan multiple test were used for comparison among treatments. Efficiency of mix cropping was assessed by land equivalent ratio. Results showed significant differences between pure stand and mixture in the fist year, but no significant differences were observed in the second year. The forage production of pure clover, pure fescue and mix crop were 5199, 2078 and 2981 Kg/h in the first year and 3059, 3014 and 3024 in the second year, respectively. Result indicated that tall fescue growth was lower than clover in the first year, but it was dominant to clover in the second year. For pure clover, ecotypes of 1568, 1753, 618 and 2086 with average values of 4300 to 4800 kg/h had higher annual production over two years. The ecotype 1753 originated from Orumieh; with having prostrate growth habit was recognized as the best one for pasture regeneration in northern Alborz rangelands. The mix cropping of clover (2086) and tall fescue, with average values of 4047 and 3987 kg/h forage yield and with average values of 1.09 and 1.18 land equivalent ratios for the first and second year, respectively, introduced for mix cropping with tall fescue.
Mohammad hadi Rad; Mohammad ali Meshkat; Mahdi Soltani
Volume 16, Issue 1 , December 2009, Pages 34-43
Abstract
The effects of drought stress on some saxual‘s (Haloxylon aphyllum) morphological characteristics was studied by weight and drainage lysimeters from 1380 to 1384 in yazd Shahid-Sadughy desertification research station. The moisture treatments included pot capacity (control), one-third pot capacity ...
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The effects of drought stress on some saxual‘s (Haloxylon aphyllum) morphological characteristics was studied by weight and drainage lysimeters from 1380 to 1384 in yazd Shahid-Sadughy desertification research station. The moisture treatments included pot capacity (control), one-third pot capacity and drought that carried out in randomize complete block design (RCBD) with three replicate. After the control of soil moisture, the moisture treatments were irrigated, on the other hand after seedling establishment in drought treatment irrigation was stopped. The moisture treatments were carried out in two growth season and its effects on morphological characteristic such as height, crown diameter, canopy cover volume, leaf length, number of ties in leaf length unit and canopy cover weight was studied. The results showed that the amount of soil moisture were not significant on height, canopy cover volume and number of ties in leaf length unit, but it had significant effects on crown diameter (p=0.030), leaf length (p=0.010) and canopy cover weight (p=0.004).
Shahram Khalighi Sigaroudi; Ali Sadeghi Sangdehi; Khaled Awsati; Usef GHavidel Rahimi
Volume 16, Issue 1 , December 2009, Pages 44-54
Abstract
Annual rainfall data related to a 26 year period from a number of Mazandaran climatological stations were employed to analyze and model the precipitation toward a determination of drought as well as wet years. Results indicate the occurrence of different intensity drought phenomenon in all stations. ...
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Annual rainfall data related to a 26 year period from a number of Mazandaran climatological stations were employed to analyze and model the precipitation toward a determination of drought as well as wet years. Results indicate the occurrence of different intensity drought phenomenon in all stations. As regards the classification of the annual wet and dry years, normal precipitation among various alternate dry and wet years can be observed with the normal years having more stability and continuity as compared to wet and dry years. The Standardized precipitation Index (SPI) was recognized better and more accurate model compared to the other models because of more potential such as high sensitivity to precipitation variation and more punctual separating of drought and wet year classes in every events.
Zeid Ahmadi; Gholam ali Heshmati; Mahdi Abedi
Volume 16, Issue 1 , December 2009, Pages 55-65
Abstract
Rangeland managers must have knowledge about ecological factors that determine the rangeland health. In this study used Landscape Function Analysis method for assessment the rangeland health in three landscapes. Sampling done in the three transects of 50 meters length and eleven soil parameters was measured ...
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Rangeland managers must have knowledge about ecological factors that determine the rangeland health. In this study used Landscape Function Analysis method for assessment the rangeland health in three landscapes. Sampling done in the three transects of 50 meters length and eleven soil parameters was measured on them. Three attribute functions including infiltration; stability and nutrition recycle measured in three landscapes: 1- complete exclusive rangeland, 2-semi exclusive rangeland, 3- freed exclusive rangeland and contiguous zones of them. Results show that there was significant difference between three attribute functions in three landscapes. Also three attribute functions were higher in three landscapes than contiguous zones. Three attribute functions were higher in "patches" than "inter patches". According to above results, improvement operations controlled the livestock grazing of rangeland and health indices were promoted in the complete exclusive rangeland.
Ebrahim Rahmani; Ali AShraf Jafari; Eman Ghalanader
Volume 16, Issue 1 , December 2009, Pages 66-78
Abstract
In order to study of variation for both seed and forage production and relationships among yield and its components, 18 genotypes of Crested wheatgrass(Agropyron cristatum) were examined under two normal and drought stress conditions using complete block design with 3 replications during 2003 in Broujerd, ...
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In order to study of variation for both seed and forage production and relationships among yield and its components, 18 genotypes of Crested wheatgrass(Agropyron cristatum) were examined under two normal and drought stress conditions using complete block design with 3 replications during 2003 in Broujerd, Iran. Data were collected for ear emergence date , pollination date, milky date, seed mature date, stem density, spike length, peduncle length, 1000 grain weight, seed weight per spike, seed number per spike, plant height, dry matter yield, seed yield and harvest index. Data were analyzed over two normal and drought stress conditions. The results showed that the effects of genotypes were significant for all traits except seed maturity date and 1000 grain weight. The genotypes by environment interaction effects were significant for all of traits except seed milky, seed maturity date, stem density, spike length and harvest index. Results showed that 208S, 1727P12 having 256 and 269 Kg/h and 619S and 619M with having 1730 and 1703 Kg/h had higher seed and forage production respectively. The genotypes 4056P4, 4056P1, 208S, 619S 208M with average values of 230 to 260 Kg/h seed and 1480 to 1730 kg/h dry matter yield were introduced for sowing under both irrigation and non irrigation areas. The results of correlation analysis showed that dry matter yield was negatively correlated with ear emergence date, pollination date, milky date, seed mature date and harvest index and positively with plant height. Seed yield had a positive relationship with harvest index, seed weight and seed number per stem.
Mohammad bagher Moshtaghyan; Hamid reza Keshtkar; Masood Esmaeili Sharif; Mahdi Razavi
Volume 16, Issue 1 , December 2009, Pages 79-84
Abstract
Astragalus cyclophyllon is a perennial herb, a member of the family Papilionaceae, with vegetative form that is palatable for light animals. This experiment was done to investigate the best planting method for establishment of Astragalus cyclophyllon in Shahid Hamzavi station in Semirom. The study was ...
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Astragalus cyclophyllon is a perennial herb, a member of the family Papilionaceae, with vegetative form that is palatable for light animals. This experiment was done to investigate the best planting method for establishment of Astragalus cyclophyllon in Shahid Hamzavi station in Semirom. The study was carried out at two experiments. In first experiment, seed dormancy was broken using scarification. The results showed that stratification had the highest effect on seeds germination. In second experiment, seeds were planted based on a randomized complete block design in the spring. The methods of seed planting were pitting, furrow and surface planting. Some characteristics including percentage of plant emergence and number of simple and compound leaves were measured in the spring. There were significant differences among three methods in view point of understudy characteristics. Maximum percentage of plant emergence was related to pitting planting with 58.2% and minimum one for surface planting with 38.3%. On the basis of these results, pitting method is better than others for establishment of this plant.
Kurosh Behnamfar; Ata... Siadat; Mohammad hassan Salehe Shoshtari
Volume 16, Issue 1 , December 2009, Pages 86-95
Abstract
Awareness about forage nutritional values of range species in different stages is necessary for range forage management. In order to evaluate nutritional values of six important range plant species: Astragalus gypsicolus,Astragalus sieberi,Medicago polymorpha, Medicago laciniata, Onobrychis gypsicola, ...
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Awareness about forage nutritional values of range species in different stages is necessary for range forage management. In order to evaluate nutritional values of six important range plant species: Astragalus gypsicolus,Astragalus sieberi,Medicago polymorpha, Medicago laciniata, Onobrychis gypsicola, Hyparrhenia hirta at two phenological stages (Vegetative growth and full flowering) the study carried out in semi warm steppe rangeland of Khouzestan. The samples were dried and then the important nutritional parameters: crude protein, crude fiber, ADF, digestible dry matter, metabolisable energy, ash, phosphorus and calcium were measured. The split plot experiment at random complete block design was used for data analysis and the mean values were compared using Dunkan Test. The results showed that the forage quality in all of species were higher in vegetative growth than full flowering stage. Amount of crude protein, digestible dry matter, metabolisable energy, ash, calcium and phosphorus were decreased with development of growth but amont of crude fieber and ADF were increased. The highest percentage of crude protein and the lowest percentage of ADF obtained in Astragalus gypsicolus but the lowest percentage of crude protein and the highest percentage of ADF were in Hyparrhina hirta. The DMD in range legumes were %63.4 to %75.8 but in the only range grass under study was %42.
Mohammad Khosroshahi; Mohammad taghi khashki; Tahereh Ensafi Moghaddam
Volume 16, Issue 1 , December 2009, Pages 96-113
Abstract
Many climatology scientist adopted temperature and precipitation among all climatic parameters to identify desert regions from non-desert areas. There is no one definition of a desert that is accepted by all. The boundaries of a desert change radically depend on the variance in the range of proposed ...
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Many climatology scientist adopted temperature and precipitation among all climatic parameters to identify desert regions from non-desert areas. There is no one definition of a desert that is accepted by all. The boundaries of a desert change radically depend on the variance in the range of proposed criteria definition accepted. Thus this study was carried out to identify the boundaries of a desert territory from non-desert regions using climatic data such as total precipitation, average intensity of daily precipitation, annual average temperature and evaporation together with the coefficient of variance and seasonal concentration. For each climatic factor a digital map was produced for all studied provinces using Geographical Information System (GIS). By overlaying all digitized climatic factors a transitional strip of boundary was recognized and then its accuracy was checked with field data and topographic map. Based on this boundary strip, three zones were recognized as 1- true desert zone located inside the strip of boundary.2- non-desert area, outside of the boundary and 3-Semi-true desert zone located in the boundary strip itself. It was concluded that true or natural desert that known as climatology desert are 700991 km2 or 42.5 % of the Iran map.
Hamid reza Azimzadeh; Mohammad reza Ekhtesasi; Hossein qoli Refahi; Hassan Rohipour; Manuchehr Gorji; Mohammad hasan Emtehani
Volume 16, Issue 1 , December 2009, Pages 114-123
Abstract
Reducing the length of field along the wind path can be a major factor in providing protection against wind erosion. Therefore, the study of sediment transported by wind versus the field length and maximum transport capacity is necessary. As the wind passes over eroding soil surface, the quantity of ...
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Reducing the length of field along the wind path can be a major factor in providing protection against wind erosion. Therefore, the study of sediment transported by wind versus the field length and maximum transport capacity is necessary. As the wind passes over eroding soil surface, the quantity of sediment transported by wind increases until the wind stream becomes saturated. In the other word the mass transported is limited by the emission rate of materials from the soil surface to the air flow, known as transport limiting. The field length required for the wind to reach its maximum capacity depends on the wind velocity and the components of the soil surface. The field data were collected from 1.9ha fallow lands of Yazd-Ardakan plain. Big Spring No Eight (BSNE) samplers were set up to collect samples of horizontal sediment discharge passing through a point. Twelve events data were collected and analyzed started from May 2006 to may 2007. Two methods were adopted to determine the maximum transport capacity; 1) Fitting the mathematic equation of and 2) Direct measurement of transport capacity. Variance analysis and t-test paired data results showd that, there was no significant difference between the results of these two methods.
Atta Rezaie
Volume 16, Issue 1 , December 2009, Pages 124-136
Abstract
Using petroleum mulch to fix shifting sand dunes in Iran historically refers to 40 years ago. Investigation of the impacts of the petroleum mulch on seed germination and seedling and cutting establishment is always a big dilemma. To reduce or eliminate the negative effects of the petroleum mulch, polylatice ...
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Using petroleum mulch to fix shifting sand dunes in Iran historically refers to 40 years ago. Investigation of the impacts of the petroleum mulch on seed germination and seedling and cutting establishment is always a big dilemma. To reduce or eliminate the negative effects of the petroleum mulch, polylatice polymer is introduced as a substitution. Polylatice is a natural polymer, which due to forming a polymeric network can bond solid materials together. This study was carried out to compare the effectiveness of the Polylatice polymer and petroleum mulch for sand dune stabilization and plant growth establishment. The research was conducted in two phases: greenhouse and field work. In greenhouse phase, the effect of Polylatice on seed germination and establishment of Haloxylon persicum was investigated in comparison with the petroleum mulch in a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications (petroleum mulch, soluble Polylatice, polylatice- sand, and blank). Two dependent variables of germination “three weeks after seeding” and “seven weeks after seeding” were chosen to investigate the treatments' effects. In three weeks after seeding, the least germination percentage belonged to Polylatice-sand treatment, and the maximum belonged to petroleum mulch. Minimum and maximum germination in seven weeks after seeding was obtained on Polylatice-sand and blank treatments, respectively. In field experiment, the effectiveness of the treatments on dependent variables (establishment of Haloxylon persicum and Caligonom sp) were investigated in a completely randomized design. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were classified using the Duncan multiple-range test. One way ANOVA showed no significant effect of treatments on establishment of seedlings and cuttings establishment