Volume 26, Issue 4 , December 2019
Mohammad Amin Soltanipour; Saeedeh Nateghi; Mahshid Souri; Nadia Kamali
Volume 26, Issue 4 , December 2019, Pages 787-799
Abstract
This study was conducted to demonstrate the growth behavior of Aeluropus lagopoides, Desmostachya bipinnata, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Alhagi graecorum and Atriplex leucoclada in the Zaminsang rangelands of Hormozgan provinceduring 2007 to 2010. Determination of the production ...
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This study was conducted to demonstrate the growth behavior of Aeluropus lagopoides, Desmostachya bipinnata, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Alhagi graecorum and Atriplex leucoclada in the Zaminsang rangelands of Hormozgan provinceduring 2007 to 2010. Determination of the production and consumption were done by the individuals in medium size. In each year, five medium individual of plant were selected for all months of growing and grazing season in exclosure area for measuring the production and the same number in the grazing range considered for measuring the production residue and from difference between them, the consumption was identified. Results indicated that different years and months had significant effect on production and consumption of the study species (p<0.05). According to the obtained data from the experiment indicated that, the average production of five perennials species was 125.8 kg dry forage per hectare. The highest production rate was obtained from Halocnemum strobilaceum and Desmostachya bipinnata in amount of 52.9% and 22.9% of total forage production, respectively. The average consumption of the species was 32.4 kg dry forage per hectare. The highest consumption rate was dedicated to Halocnemum strobilaceum and Alhagi graecorum, with amount of 41.8% and 30.1% of total forage consumption, respectively. The highest production rate was obtained from 2008 with 162.7 kg dry forage per hectare which was 1.8 times higher than low-production in 2009. The highest consumption rate for all species was 35.7 kg dry forage per hectare in 2009. The highest forage production and consumption were obtained in May in all species during the years.
Hamidreza Vejdani; Shahbakhti Rostami; Mostafa Taleshi; Esmaiel Ali Akbari; Mahmoud Jomepour
Volume 26, Issue 4 , December 2019, Pages 800-808
Abstract
Ranges are considered as the natural and renewable resources, despite being in renewable resources group, due to inappropriate exploitation in many parts of the world, they have been destabilized and destroyed. The purpose of this study was to find ways to protect rangelands in Hamadan province. General ...
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Ranges are considered as the natural and renewable resources, despite being in renewable resources group, due to inappropriate exploitation in many parts of the world, they have been destabilized and destroyed. The purpose of this study was to find ways to protect rangelands in Hamadan province. General approach of this research is descriptive and analytical, it has mainly used qualitative methods and emphasized on the participatory approach to increase the accuracy and depth of the results. Due to the ability in providing a reasonable framework for developing solutions the "SWOT" analysis method has been used in the research study. In many studies, to identify SWOT factors (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) and determining strategies only depends on previous studies or researcher's views, but in this research to determine the elements or factors of SWOT and identification of approaches a set of methods was used, including: "brainstorming" holding in a session, "Participatory rural appraisal" (PRA) workshop in 8 session, and 15 questionnaires completed by experts. In the next step, factors of SWOT quantified by "AHP" method and completing of 18 questionnaires of paired comparison in Saaty's scale was done by experts, this method is the combination of SWOT with AHP. Accordingly, in the matrix of SWOT analysis 20 strategies were introduced. The most important factors of the strategies which have presented based on need for comprehensive participation and views of the people, restore confidence in the government and nation in terms of natural resource management, using the power of NGOs, use of new techniques and social networking for conservation of ranges, power sharing and decentralization for make decision about natural resources and suitable distribution of operational experts to office centers in smaller areas (Dehestan). It also has proposed creating the"engineering supervisor of natural resources" and the supporting of the specific service companies of rangelands.
Seyed Mohammadreza Habibyian; Hosein Barani
Volume 26, Issue 4 , December 2019, Pages 809-823
Abstract
Rangeland degradation, intensive grazing and the weakness of accurate grazing management are considered as issues which have distributed rangeland ecosystems’ equilibrium as well as have made dangerous in pastoralists’ life survival. Therefore, it is important to recognize of affecting factors ...
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Rangeland degradation, intensive grazing and the weakness of accurate grazing management are considered as issues which have distributed rangeland ecosystems’ equilibrium as well as have made dangerous in pastoralists’ life survival. Therefore, it is important to recognize of affecting factors on grazing management as a primary step for improving and altering this condition into a sustainable state. This study was conducted in Shesh-Boloki clan of Qashqai tribe at Fars and Bushehr provinces in 2016. In the study, data collection was done using literature review and field work (questionnaire and interview). Paired comparison questionnaire (AHP questionnaire) was filled out among 40 knowledgeable beneficiary and 25 experts. Descriptive and nonparametric statistical methods were used for determining and comparing weights and priority of affecting factors on grazing management items based on exploiters and experts’ point of view. The result indicated that there was a significant difference between two points of views in terms of weights and priority of affecting factors on grazing management (p<0.01). Also, in case of many items, the weight difference was dramatically high and in some cases this amount was non-significant. AHP method was used with the aim of integration of exploiters and expert’s points of view. The results also showed that this method, overlapping in two views were 72.4%. Government support through providing forage and water in drought years, being accordance experts and exploiters about migration calendar, preventing of land-use change in upland rangelands, stabilization of nomads’ roads and registration of land rights for nomads to migrate are considered as executive recommendations of this study with the aim of organizing the early migration to upland rangelands and improving grazing management.
Sareh Rajabi Agereh; Farshad Kiani; Kazem Khavazi; Hassan Rouhipour; Farhad Khormali
Volume 26, Issue 4 , December 2019, Pages 824-837
Abstract
Nowadays, the destructive phenomenon of desertification and wind erosion is one of the most important environmental crises in the world, which are serious challenges to sustainable production and agricultural land management. In the present study, the effect of microbial precipitation of calcium carbonate ...
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Nowadays, the destructive phenomenon of desertification and wind erosion is one of the most important environmental crises in the world, which are serious challenges to sustainable production and agricultural land management. In the present study, the effect of microbial precipitation of calcium carbonate has been studied as a biological reformer and compatible for controlling wind erosion and soil stabilization. For this purpose, erosion rate of bio-cemented samples was investigated through ….in a wind tunnel under the condition of wind velocity of (0 to 98 km hr-1) in two soil types with sandy and silty texture in a completely randomized design in three replications. Investigation of the threshold velocity of soil particle movement revealed that air dried soil particles begin to move at the velocity of 8 and 10 km hr-1 in the silty and sandy soils respectively, however, in all biological samples (MICP) particles did not move at 97 km.hr-1. The results also indicated that the weight loss of all MICP treatments at different wind velocities were significantly reduced as compare to the control. The amount of the soil loss among biological cemented samples and control treatments were dramatically different at higher velocities. So that, at velocities more than 57 km/h, soil losses indicated significantly enhancement in control, whereas in the soils which are treated by bacteria, soil losses were insignificant and approximately 2.5 kg.m-2.hr-1. The results also showed that the equal's amount of calcium carbonate and the penetration resistance of the soil surface increased significantly in MICP treatments as compare to control treatments, this event indicated the formation of a surface-resistant layer on bio-treated cement samples. In this study, the comparison of used bacteria also showed that Bacillus infantis and Paenibacillus sp3 have high efficiency in controlling wind erosion. Therefore, it seems that cementation by biological methods could be an effective way to stabilize surface particles and control soil erosion.
Asad Sadeghpour; Javad Moetamedi; Esmaeil Sheidai Karkaj
Volume 26, Issue 4 , December 2019, Pages 838-854
Abstract
Information of plant diversity and its relationship with environmental factors are necessary requirements for rangeland rehabilitation techniques and priority of biodiversity conservation in local habitats. To collect vegetation cover data, the Namin mountainous rangelands were selected and systematic ...
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Information of plant diversity and its relationship with environmental factors are necessary requirements for rangeland rehabilitation techniques and priority of biodiversity conservation in local habitats. To collect vegetation cover data, the Namin mountainous rangelands were selected and systematic random sampling in ecological units was used. The relationship between plant diversity and ecological unit’s characteristics (Sub-basins) was studied by recording the data in physiographic, topographic, chemistry and physics in the soil. To investigate the relationship between species diversity and environmental factors, the redundancy analysis (RDA) method was used as linear method based on gradient length. Based on the results, the physiographic and topographic had significant effect on the richness of the species. On the other hand, soil chemical properties had the greatest impact on the amount of species evenness and diversity of the ecological units and explained 89.64% of the variations. In general, slope, organic carbon amd EC are the most important effective characteristic on the enhancement species diversity idexes and the length parameters. It was also indicated that area and direction of sites are the most important factors on reduction of diversity indices. Therefore, in situations where the purpose of the management to be improve species diversity, places where are in endanger in terms of chemical properties of the soil (organic matter and, consequently, organic carbon) should be prioritized. If the aim of management to be increase in vegetation structure and percentage of plant protection from splash erosion, in this case, places where are in the southern direction and have a steep slope should be prioritized. Furthermore, rangeland rehabilitation techniques are a priority in larger-scale units due to the lower species richness, and smaller units, due to the high plant species richness, should be prioritized of conservation and protection.
Mitra Shirazi; Mohammad Akhavan Ghalibaf; Hamidreza Matinfar; Mansour Nakhkesh
Volume 26, Issue 4 , December 2019, Pages 855-867
Abstract
Dust is one of the most important effective factor on solar radiation forcing and reflection on earth's atmosphere, and in this point, it has a significant impact on local climate. Detection of aerosols on desert zones, despite the sea and oceans (dark surfaces), is difficult because of reflectometric ...
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Dust is one of the most important effective factor on solar radiation forcing and reflection on earth's atmosphere, and in this point, it has a significant impact on local climate. Detection of aerosols on desert zones, despite the sea and oceans (dark surfaces), is difficult because of reflectometric interference spectroscopy of bright surfaces. Representing a simple and low costs method for detecting dusts and predicting their effects is essential. One of the most important indexes for dust and smoke detection is the AOT (Aerosol Optical thickness), which provided in large-scale (10x10 km) which is not suitable for local dust scales detection. The purpose of this study is using visible and mid-infrared spectrum of OLI sensor for detection dust of deserts. In this study, by using of mid-wave infrared (2.1 μm), red and blue wavelengths the AOT was calculated. The results indicated that ratio between the red and mid-wave infrared wavelengths is 0.95 and blue wavelengths and mid-wave infrared is 1.05 respectively. The comparison results of AOT index by radiometer showed that the correlation between computational method for data and the direct measurement for the red and blue wavelengths were 0.83 and 0.95 with root-mean-square deviation (RMSE) were 0.91 and 9.4 respectively. Therefore, it can be said that this method for estimating the Aerosol optical thickness at 0.65 μm (AOT 0.65μm) is enough accuracy and is not suitable to measure Aerosol optical thickness at 0.47 μm (AOT 0.47μm).
Fatemeh Dargahian; Sakineh Lotfinasabasl; Samaneh Razavizadeh
Volume 26, Issue 4 , December 2019, Pages 868-886
Abstract
Despite the large extent of the areas affected by 120-day Sistan winds, Zabul region with specific topographic location has the highest and the most severe storms in the east of the country. In order to identify and analyze the dust pattern of the Zabul region and to distinguish it from other parts which ...
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Despite the large extent of the areas affected by 120-day Sistan winds, Zabul region with specific topographic location has the highest and the most severe storms in the east of the country. In order to identify and analyze the dust pattern of the Zabul region and to distinguish it from other parts which are affected by the famous 120-day winds of Sistan, environmental databases; dust codes, and NCEP / NCAR database with a spatial resolution of 2.5× 2.5 degree and latitude longitude of sea level pressure data corresponding to the peak days of dust during the period from 1987-2016 were used. In order to extract atmospheric patterns of dust events on sea level pressure data, cluster analysis was performed in MATLAB software. Finally, four patterns were extracted and for each pattern one day which has the most correlated with other days was selected as the representative day of that pattern. Out of four patterns the dominant pattern with the most frequent occurrence was selected, and July 13-16, 2016 was considered as the representative day for this dominant pattern. For this purpose, the synoptic maps of ground pressure, temperature, equatorial and jet flow in the lower layer of the atmosphere, wind field, and direction of the flow at ground level and the synoptic half instability of the air were plotted.
Results indicated that the Zabul area has the greatest potential for the production of dust due to the gradient of high pressure changes and also the presence of small-grained sediments of the rivers as well as wetlands and the locating in western margin of the low-pressure zone which has the thermal nature and the interaction of the low pressure with the high pressure which is called Turkmenistan high-pressure, Hindu Kush, northeast of Iran and north of Caspian sea. This low pressure in the lower layer of the atmosphere through the dust suction and counter-clockwise movement by passing on the sources of dust in the Zabul area prevented from the penetration to lower latitudes by the impact of the 120-day winds of Sistan and caused to further transportation of sand and dust particles to Afghanistan. Therefore, in regard to situation of Zabul in ratio to this low pressure, which is peaked in July, and distinguishes it from other areas affected by 120-day winds, special arrangements should be taken into account to reduce the intensity of dust storms.
Reza Siahmansour; Mohammad Fayaz; Saeedeh Nateghi; Rostam Khalifehzadeh; Ali Mohammadian
Volume 26, Issue 4 , December 2019, Pages 887-903
Abstract
Knowledge of preference value of plant species is one of the essential requirements for determining forage available and consequently, calculation of grazing capacity for rangeland habitats. This project was investigated in 36 species including of 21 perennials and 15 annuals species. For this purpose, ...
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Knowledge of preference value of plant species is one of the essential requirements for determining forage available and consequently, calculation of grazing capacity for rangeland habitats. This project was investigated in 36 species including of 21 perennials and 15 annuals species. For this purpose, during four-years period (2007-2010) in each month of the growing season (spring and summer) film was taken from a non-pregnant and non -lactating unit adult ewes (Lori)for at least 1800 seconds with an average weight of 50 kg inside the flock which were grazing in rangeland. Results indicated that annual grasses such as Boissiera squarrosa, Bromus danthonia, Bromus tectorum, Heteranthelium piliferum had the highest grazing time with a total duration of 3083 seconds compared to other species. Subsequent species including of Agropyron trichophorum with 2594 seconds, Bromus tomentellus with 1232 seconds, Onobrychis melanotricha with 681 seconds, broadleaf herbaceous annual such as Helianthemum ledifolhum, Viciea peregerina, Diplotaxis erucoides, talaspi perfoliatum, Minuartia obtusiloba with 670 second and Hordeum bulbosum with 565 second were ranked in the next. Finally, it was found that annual grasses and shrubs in May, perennial grasses in June, and broadleaf herbaceous annual in July have quite palatable and located in Class I. Also, total grasses and perennial forbs in July, annual forbs and shrubs in May and June have fairly palatable respectively which have located in class (II) and vegetative forms have palatable class III in other months.
Esmaiel Sheidai Karkaj; Hosein Rezaei; Hamid Niknahad Gharemakher; Isa Jafari Footami; Abolfazl Sharifian
Volume 26, Issue 4 , December 2019, Pages 904-917
Abstract
Soil aggregate stability and soil structure considered as the key indicators of range soil health and counted as effective factors in soil erosion control. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of exclosure on the stability of aggregates and soil structure in four areas of Golestan ...
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Soil aggregate stability and soil structure considered as the key indicators of range soil health and counted as effective factors in soil erosion control. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of exclosure on the stability of aggregates and soil structure in four areas of Golestan province including Chaharbagh, Incheboron, Gomishan and Maravetapeh. Soil sampling was carried out from two depths of 0-20 and 20-40 cm by digging profile in random-systematic method along transects in each of exclosure and adjacent sites of quadruple areas. Aggregates stability was measured by the method of wet sieving in the laboratory. The results were analyzed statistically using independent and paired samples t-test for exclosure sites and adjacent exclosure sites as well as two corresponding depths, respectively. In the most of studied sites, the aggregate stability values were higher in the surface soil than the deep soil.The results indicated that the effect of rangeland exclosure on morphological changes and soil status indicating positive role in development of soil structure in all studied areas, however, these results were statistically significant only in the Incheboron and Gommishan area in view point of soil aggregate stability. The highest value of soil stability was in the first depth (4.52 mm) of Gomishan exclosure site and the lowest one was in the second depth (1.15 mm) in Gomishan grazing site. The final result showed that regardless of positive role of exclosure in promoting the stability of aggregate, factors such as geographic position of rangeland, climate, vegetation type and grazing conditions as the associated factors affecting the stability of aggregate and soil structure should be considered.
Mehrnaz Hatami; Mohammadreza Samadi; Parisa Khanizadeh
Volume 26, Issue 4 , December 2019, Pages 918-931
Abstract
The most of medicinal plants seeds have dormancy under normal conditions, therefore, it is necessary to know the affective factors on seed dormancy and creation optimal conditions for their germination to extensive cultivation of medicinal plants. Dracocephalum kotschyi is an important Iranian endemic ...
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The most of medicinal plants seeds have dormancy under normal conditions, therefore, it is necessary to know the affective factors on seed dormancy and creation optimal conditions for their germination to extensive cultivation of medicinal plants. Dracocephalum kotschyi is an important Iranian endemic herbs which is extinting in the Lamiaceae family. This research was conducted in order to find the most effective treatment to break seed dormancy, which is one of the major problems cultivation on a large scale and rehabilitation in the natural areas. Experimental treatments including of scarification with sand paper, 95% sulfuric acid in 3 and 6 min and their combination, gibberellic acid (125, 250 and 500 μg ml-1), nitrate potassium (% 0.2 and %0.4 in 2 times) and also for moist chilling was at (5°C for 24, 48 and 72 hours) as compare to control (watering in 24 and 48 hours). The experiment was done base on the completely randomized design (CRD). The obtained results indicated that, there was a significant difference (p-value< 0.01) between in treatments of scarification with sand paper and 95% sulfuric acid on germination percentage, germination rate, vigor index, fresh and dry weight of the plumule and radicle. The results showed that sulphuric acid treatment in 3 minutes increased significantly seed germination as compare to control and other treatments. Obtained results represents that the presence of seed hard shell and high mucilage is a physical barrier and acts as a limiting factor in the germination of dragonhead by preventing the spread of embryos or by limiting the absorption of water and gas exchange. So, application of some treatments like scarification and hormonal treatment such as gibberellin could be improved the germination of dragonhead.
Farhad Azhir; Moham,mad Fayaz
Volume 26, Issue 4 , December 2019, Pages 932-940
Abstract
In program of increasing forage production in rangelands of the country, gathering and deepening knowledge of forage plants establishment is necessary. So seeds of Trifolium pratense species prepared from Sari city market and cultivated. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal season and ...
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In program of increasing forage production in rangelands of the country, gathering and deepening knowledge of forage plants establishment is necessary. So seeds of Trifolium pratense species prepared from Sari city market and cultivated. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal season and efficient method of species establishment for rangeland breeding in steppe rangelands. Experiment was performed in Posht-kooh water spreading station with 350 mm precipitation and semi-arid-cold climate. For this purpose, two sowing treatments including of seeding and seed spacing in two cultivation season of fall and spring, in split plot based on completely randomize block design in three repetitions were performed. Results indicated that there was a significant difference at (p<0.01) between the cultivation season and two cultivation methods. Germination and viability in fall season (39.11% germination, 13.83% viability) were more preferable to spring cultivation (30.06% germination, 11.83% viability). Seed cultivation in seeding (germination 39.22%, 14.78% viability) was also superior to seed spacing (29.94% germination, 10.89% viability). According to the obtained results, fall cultivation and seeding method were better than spring cultivation and seed spacing method. There is possibility of breeding rangelands in similar climatic and physical properties of the rangelands at the test site as well as fall cultivation and seeding method to increase forage production and direct grazing.
Ezatollah Moradi; Gholamali Heshmati; Amirahmad Dehghani
Volume 26, Issue 4 , December 2019, Pages 941-952
Abstract
Nowadays, biological crusts, including lichens, are used as a living biological indexes. The Main objective of this study is evaluation of lichen diversity trends at differences grazing intensity in the mountain rangelands of Semorom in Isfahan province. The lichen diversity is dependent variable and ...
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Nowadays, biological crusts, including lichens, are used as a living biological indexes. The Main objective of this study is evaluation of lichen diversity trends at differences grazing intensity in the mountain rangelands of Semorom in Isfahan province. The lichen diversity is dependent variable and grazing intensity (consists of 5 stoking rate 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 animal unit per hectare) considerd as independent variable. Each stoking rate studied along 4 years by implementing 5 management scenarios (grazing and ungrazing alternatively and consecutively). The presence and absence of lichens was performed by random sampling method using transects and sampling units. The lichen diversity analyzed by PAST software and the relationship between variables was calculated by SPSS. The result showed that the lichens diversity is a good indicates of pressure on rangeland ecosystems. In management of rangeland ecosystems, lichen diversity can be used as an ecological indicator for rangeland ecosystems under pressure or non-pressure. Also, the best grazing management scenario for this area is suggested based on the variation of lichen diversity, alternating grazing scenario (every one year between grazing and resting depending on rangeland status and range method).
Fatemeh Karami; Masoud Bazgir
Volume 26, Issue 4 , December 2019, Pages 953-970
Abstract
Climate and land use are two important factors which are greatly influence on soil physical and chemical properties. This research was conducted to study the effects of climate and land use on physical and chemical properties of soil in Ilam province in 2016. After initial studies, Ivan area with semi-humid ...
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Climate and land use are two important factors which are greatly influence on soil physical and chemical properties. This research was conducted to study the effects of climate and land use on physical and chemical properties of soil in Ilam province in 2016. After initial studies, Ivan area with semi-humid climate and Ganjavan with semi-arid climate in Ilam province were selected. In each region, three land uses including forest, rangeland and agricultural were considered. After field studies in each land use, five soil samples were taken from 0-10cm and 10-30cm depths and collected randomly. The results showed that the highest amount of soil lime (47.85%) and soil silt (31.75%) were obtained in semi-arid climate of Ganjvan. The soils of Ayvan as a semi-humid climate had the highest amount of clay and K available. The highest bulk density (1.87 g.cm-3) was obtained in semi-arid climate of Ganjavan under the effect of agricultural use at lower soil depth. The lowest amount of bulk density (1.08 g.cm-3) was observed in semi-humid climate of Ayvan in the soil surface depth under forest land use. The highest amount of organic matter was obtained in forest land use in semi-humid climate in Ayvan, (42.85 %) which was more than semi-arid climate of Ganjvan. Agricultural land use had the lowest amount of organic matter (4.37%). The highest amount of N (0.514%) and P (35.04 mg kg-1) concentrations were obtained in forest land use in the semi-humid climate of Ayvan. The amount of Ca and Mg concentration in subsoil solution (10-30cm) layer was higher than topsoil solution (0-10cm) layer in Ayvan. In general, by changing land use from forest to farm, the percentage of clay, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium available decreased in semi-arid climates of Ganjvan. Therefore, proper land use management in semiarid climates is essential for optimal preservation of soil properties.
Maryam Barzgar; Mehdi Ghorbani; Alireza Moghadamnia; Abolvahed Hoseini Gezir
Volume 26, Issue 4 , December 2019, Pages 971-985
Abstract
The social structure of water resources is one of the cultural potential dimensions of rural communities in Iran which plays a significant role in conventional management of water resources. The main objective of this research is to identify social structure associated with water resources management ...
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The social structure of water resources is one of the cultural potential dimensions of rural communities in Iran which plays a significant role in conventional management of water resources. The main objective of this research is to identify social structure associated with water resources management in the Gezir plain of Bandar lengeh. In the present study, Anthropology methods, direct and participatory observation and interviews with water resource users of Gazir village were collected. Economic, social, environmental constraints, especially water resources, as well as the common needs of indigenous people in the Gazir plain have led to formation of a social structure indirect to adapt the water scarcity, and farmers have exploited the water resources collectively through social structures as well as physical structures commensurate with their needs. The most important social roles currently affect the management of water resources in the plain are: Landowner, Kadkhoda, kharras,Gaboun, Gharises and Bazeyare Aids, beliefs, values and norms are another part of cultural potential of the plain of Gezir to adapt to the conditions of nature which has been created by farmers in the context of the social structure. In fact, self-organization and existence of aids in water management is one of the basic principles in the Gezir plain. Generally speaking, despite the elimination of large landowners after land reform, spontaneous co-operation and assistance in water management in form of social structure is one of the basic principles in the plain. Nowadays, therefore, it can be argued that using experiences of indigenous peoples of the plain in social structure, as the main agents of water resources management, due to their adaptation to the ecological conditions of the region, it is the most appropriate methods of sustainable development.
Maryam Shahri; Ali Ariapour; Hamidreza Mehrabi
Volume 26, Issue 4 , December 2019, Pages 986-1002
Abstract
In the present study, forage quality of three range species including Astragalus gossypinus, Trifolium repens and Poa bulbosa at three phenological stages, (vegetative growth, flowering, seed maturity time) in Borujerd county of Loretan province were evaluated. Data were collected by random sampling ...
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In the present study, forage quality of three range species including Astragalus gossypinus, Trifolium repens and Poa bulbosa at three phenological stages, (vegetative growth, flowering, seed maturity time) in Borujerd county of Loretan province were evaluated. Data were collected by random sampling using 10 individual plants on transect line in 5 replication. Qualitative indexes were measured and data were compared using ANOVA and Duncan test. Results indicated that DMD is not significant between different species, but it was significant differences (p< 0.01) among the various phenological stages. The highest and the lowest were 34.61 and 24.24% respectively for seeding and before flowering stages. The amount of crude protein was significant at (p< 0.05) in different species, phenological stages and their interactive effect. The highest and the lowest crude protein were obtained in 21.06 and 17.97% in Trifolium repens and Poa bulbosa respectively. The amount of crude fiber was not significant difference between species, on the other hand, in different phenological stages and their interaction was significant at (p< 0.05).The highest and the lowest of crude fiber were 94.30 and 20.86% in seeding time and before flowering phenological stages. The highest and the lowest of amount of ADF were obtained in Poa bulbosa and Trifolium repens with 57.6 and 31.26% respectively. According to obtained results, Trifolium repens, Poa bulbosa and Astragalus gossypinus had better forage quality respectively in before flowering stage where this issue indicates the best time for animal grazing is in May and June.
Mehdi Bashiri; Seyedeh Maedeh Kavosi Davodi; Ali Afzali
Volume 26, Issue 4 , December 2019, Pages 1003-1019
Abstract
Fault is one of the main processes in tectonics which has relationship with phenomena such as earthquake. Therefore, awareness of the effect of environmental factors on fault occurrence and recognition of high risk areas is very important, that these goals in the present study have been investigated. ...
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Fault is one of the main processes in tectonics which has relationship with phenomena such as earthquake. Therefore, awareness of the effect of environmental factors on fault occurrence and recognition of high risk areas is very important, that these goals in the present study have been investigated. The research area is Qara-Qum where after determining its faults, altitude, slope, direction, climate, land use, geomorphology, geology, erosion, precipitation, flood zones, pedology, stream power, topographic ruggedness index, distance from road, waterway, anticline and syncline were extracted. Then, data mining algorithms including of decision tree, random forest, cumulative, backing machine, logistic regression and neural network in R software are used to identify the value of variables and bivariate statistical methods including of information value and area density for identification of the values for each variable class fitted in fault occurrence. The accuracy of classification algorithms with ROC curve showed that based on input variables, random forest and support vector machine algorithms with 88% and 86% area under a curve had the best performance in classifying fault occurrence, respectively. Finally, according to the Gini coefficients in random forest algorithm, the zoning maps obtained by combining this algorithm were prepared and validated by bivariate statistical methods. According to this algorithm, the height, pedology and topographic ruggedness index variables, identified as the most important parameters in the fault occurrence respectively. Based on the zoning maps evaluation, information value and area density methods, around 52 and 35 percent of faults placed in very high risk class respectively. Therefore, the information value method was more accurate in identifying fault-sensitive zones. According to the results, data mining methods were introduced as a useful tool in fault risk management. It is also necessary to pay attention to environmental variables, especially topography, during the basin management and land use change stages.
Aezam Khosravi Mashizi; Mohsen Sharafatmand
Volume 26, Issue 4 , December 2019, Pages 1020-1031
Abstract
In recent decades, roads construction has become a worldwide major challenge for natural ecosystems health. Therefore, the impact of road on rangeland health indexes in two steppe and semi steppe zones along Kerman-Taft road was investigated. 17 rangeland health indicators were evaluated on roadsides ...
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In recent decades, roads construction has become a worldwide major challenge for natural ecosystems health. Therefore, the impact of road on rangeland health indexes in two steppe and semi steppe zones along Kerman-Taft road was investigated. 17 rangeland health indicators were evaluated on roadsides and reference areas. Soil and habitat stability, hydrologic function, and biotic integrity were estimated using rangeland health indicators. The results indicated that in the steppe region, all three features are in a rather acute state, while in the semi-steppe area, stability, soil and habitat characteristics and hydrological functions are in a balanced state and the health of living organisms is in relatively acute condition. The results of Wilcox test also showed that there are significant differences between roadside rangelands and reference areas in terms of production, invasive species and structural-functional groups in semi-steppe rangelands (p<0.05). In steppe area, roadside rangelands with reference rangelands had significant differences either mentioned indexes or in bare soil and gully erosion indexes (p <0.01). In addition to vegetation, soil has also affected by road damage in the steppe area, which is a priority in future restoration and restoration plans.
Samira Hoseini; Ahmad Sageghipour; Shima Nikoo
Volume 26, Issue 4 , December 2019, Pages 1032-1041
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of clay nanoparticles in synthetic polymeric resinson germination and some charachteristics of Nitraria schoberi and Halothamnus glaucus. Seeds of two plants collected from sand consolidated station located in Razavi Khorasan Province, Bardaskan ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of clay nanoparticles in synthetic polymeric resinson germination and some charachteristics of Nitraria schoberi and Halothamnus glaucus. Seeds of two plants collected from sand consolidated station located in Razavi Khorasan Province, Bardaskan city, Kazem Abad village. Experiments were carried on in completely Randomized Design with three treatment and four replications. For this purpose, seeds were subjected to synthetic polymeric resins with one and three percent of clay nanoparticles in petri dish and field condition. Distilled water was considered as the control treatment. Daily and final germination percentages were recorded and germination rate, mean germination time, shoot and root length, shootlet fresh and dry weigh, rootlet fresh and dry weight, and vigor index was calculated. After 4 months from cultivation, the size of cultivated plants and the number of leaves from each treatment was also measured. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between all the studied factors of both species except germination rate and mean germination time, which was observed just in Nitraria schoberi. For example, the highest germination percentage of Nitraria schoberi in acrylic resin polymer containing 1% nano clay (51.75%) was higher than other treatments, whereas the highest germination percentage of Halothamnus glaucus belonged to polymer containing 3% nano clay (65.62%). About the plant growth, despite the different effects of various treatments on cultivated species, application of polymer and nano-particles led to increasing the length of shoot and root of both plants. Considering the different conditions of plants in nature, the use of nanopolymer mulches to improve the germination and vegetative properties of plants is recommended.
Farhad Sardari; Hosein Arzani; Seyed Akbar Javadi
Volume 26, Issue 4 , December 2019, Pages 1042-1054
Abstract
Land use capability for a type of range utilization with considering the sustainable land use is called range suitability, nowadays which is a priority in the science of range management. The objective of this study is evaluation of range suitability for sheep grazing through FAO method (Condition limitation) ...
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Land use capability for a type of range utilization with considering the sustainable land use is called range suitability, nowadays which is a priority in the science of range management. The objective of this study is evaluation of range suitability for sheep grazing through FAO method (Condition limitation) in Sarayan- South Khorasan province in 1990. For the purpose of this study, at first, the map of vegetation types was determined in each region and in each vegetation type, the status and tendency of rangeland and the amount of plant species were determined by cutting and weighing method and the suitability map was produced. Then, using EPM method, soil erosion susceptibility map was prepared. Also, to study the watershed suitability of the area, the drinking water resources of livestock area and sampling of each water source was done, the quantification of water was determined and water samples were transferred to the laboratory and TDS, EC and Mg + 2 parameters were measured for each sample and by integrating layers of quantity, quality and equal distant points from water sources, the water resource suitability map was adjusted. Finally, by finalizing production suitability maps, soil susceptibility to erosion and water, the final model of range suitability classification was prepared. The results indicated that there was no class of suitability (no vegetation type) (S1) in the region and the suitability classes S2, S3 and N (no grazing suitability) were 12.1%, 50.7% and 37%, respectively. Based on the research results, overgrazing, early grazing, formation susceptible to erosion, slope, allowable use limits and available forage, poor condition, negative trend of ranges and inappropriate distribution of water sources for livestock are the most considerable limiting factors in area for sheep grazing. In general, with regard to the obtained results using the livestock grazing suitability model in the study area, it is suggested to use this model as the basis for preparing rangeland plans with emphasis on removing the limiting factors as far as possible to improve rangeland status and Shepherds' income.
Reza Dehghani Bidgoli
Volume 26, Issue 4 , December 2019, Pages 1068-1055
Abstract
To investigate the effect of seeds priming of Astragalus gossypinus Fisher. with MS and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) solution in early stages of germination, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications in the ...
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To investigate the effect of seeds priming of Astragalus gossypinus Fisher. with MS and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) solution in early stages of germination, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications in the Laboratory of Production and Duplication Center of Municipality of Kashan, in 2017. Experimental treatments consisted of priming with MS solution at 4 levels (0 as control, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 % w/v), and SeNPs in 4 levels (0 as control, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 %w/v) for 2 hours at 25 ° C. The results of the experiments indicated that MS, SeNPs solution and interaction of treatments were significant at the 1 % level on all studied traits, including of germination percentage, radicle length, plumule length, germination coefficient, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content. The highest germination percentage, the content of chlorophyll a and b, and plumule length were obtained in application of combined MS solution 0.01% w/v with 0.2% w/v of SeNPs. On the other hand, application of these treatments alone had positive and significant effects on the studied traits. The use of priming methods, such as used methods in this research, and its effects on Astragalus gossypinus are innovations of this research.