Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of ecosystem change on emissions and carbon mineralization rate in Fandoghloo region. Soil sampling was performed at three depths (0-30 cm) from the grazing rangeland ecosystem, degraded rangeland ecosystem, and agricultural, ecosystem. Carbon dioxide emissions were measured during incubation with alkali absorption method. The highest and lowest emissions of carbon dioxide and carbon mineralization rate were obtained in the grazing rangeland ecosystem (0.968 mg CO2 g-1 soil and 0.00314 mol C kg-1 soil d-1), and the degraded rangeland ecosystem (4693 mg CO2 g-1 soil, and 0.0015mol C kg-1 soil d-1), respectively, showing a significant difference with other ecosystems at different depth levels. According to the results, significant differences were found for the activity of microorganisms in decomposition of organic matter in the study ecosystems. The dynamics of vegetation and returned fine roots caused high emissions of CO2 in soil of grazing rangeland ecosystem. In the agricultural ecosystem, due to the relatively wet conditions and failure to return organic matter to the soil, the decomposition of inaccessible organic matter caused to decreased soil organic matter and low carbon dioxide emissions.
Keywords
Anderson, J. P. E. and Domsch, K. H., 1978. A physiological method for thequantitative measurement of microbial biomass in soils. Soil Biology andBiochemistry, 10: 215–221.
-Asner, G. P., Elmore, A. J., Olander, L. P., Martin, R. E. and Harris, A. T., 2004. Grazing systems, ecosystem responses, and global change. Ann. Rev. Environ. Resour. 29: 261-299.
-Bai, Z. G., Dent, D. L., Olsson, L. and Schaepman, M. E., 2008. Global Assessment of Land Degradation and Improvement. 1. Identification by Remote Sensing. World Soil Information, Wageningen.
-Blake, G. R., and Hartge., K. H., 1986. Bulk Density. In A. Klute (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1 - Physical and Mineralogical Methods Second Edition. American Society of Agronomy, Madison WI.
-Bremner, J. M. and Mulvaney, C. S., 1982. Nitrogen—Total. In Page, A.L., R.H. Miller and D.R. Keeney (eds.) Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Second Edition. Agronomy Society of America, Madison, WI.
-Bond-Lamberty, B. and Thomson, A., 2010a. Temperature-associated increases in the global soil respiration record. Nature 464: 579-582.
-Bond-Lamberty, B., Wang, C.K. and Gower, S.T., 2004. A global relationship between the heterotrophic and autotrophic components of soil respiration? Global Change Biology 10: 1756-1766.
-Bouyoucos, G. S., 1962. Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analysis of soils. Agronomy Journal, 54, 464-465
-Bujalsky, L., Kaneda, S., Dvorscík, P. and Frouz, J., 2014. In situ soil respiration at reclaimed and unreclaimed post-miningsites: Responses to temperature and reclamation treatment. Ecological Engineering, 68 : 53–59.
-Cerri, C. C., Bernoux, M., Cerri, C. E. and Feller, C., 2004. Carbon cycling and sequestration opportunities in South America: the case of Brazil. Soil Use and Management 20: 248-254.
-Cheng, J., Wu, G. L., Zhao, L. P., Li, Y., Li, W. and Cheng, J. M., 2011. Cumulative effects of 20-year exclusion of livestock grazing on above- and belowground biomass of typical steppe communities in arid areas of the Loess Plateau, China. Plant Soil Environment, 57: 40-44.
-Conant, R. T., Paustian, K., Elliott and Lilisand.E. T., 2001. Grassland management and conversion into grassland: effects on soil carbon. Ecology Applications, 11: 343–355.
-Correia, A. C., Minunno, F., Caldeira, M.C., Banza, J., Mateus, J., Carneiro, M., Wingate, L., Shvaleva, A., Ramos, A., Jongen, M., Bugalhoe, M. N., Nogueira, C., Lecomte, X. and Pereira, J. S., 2012. Soil water availability strongly modulates soil CO2 efflux in different Mediterranean ecosystems: Model calibration using the Bayesian approach. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 161: 88– 100
-Derner, J. D. and Schuman, G. E., 2007. Carbon sequestration and rangelands: a synthesis of land management and precipitation effects. Journal of Soil Water Conserv, 62: 77e85.
-Follett, R. F., 2001. Soil management concepts and carbon sequestration zin cropland soils. Soil Tillage Research, 61: 77-92.
-Fu, X. L., Shao, M. A., Wei, X. R. and Robertm, H., 2010. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogenas affected by vegetation types in Northern Loess Plateau of China. Geoderma, 155, 31-35.
-Hamdi, S., Moyano F., Sall S., Bernoux, M. and Chevallier, T., 2013. Synthesis analysis of the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration from laboratory studies in relation to incubation methods and soil conditions. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 58: 115-126.
-Haynes, R. J., 1999. Size and activity of the soil microbial biomass under grass and arable management. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 30: 210–216.
-Hopkins, D. W., 2007. Carbon Mineralization. 89–606. In : M . Carter, R. and Gregorich,E. G., (Eds.) Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis. Canadian Society of Soil Science Publication .
-Houghton, R.A., J.E. Hobbie, J.M. Melillo, B. Moore, B.J. Peterson, G.R. Shaver, and G.M. Woodwell. 1983.Changes in the carbon content of terrestrial biota and soils between 1860 and 1980: A net release of CO2 to the atmosphere. Ecological Monographs, 53:235-262.
-IPCC: Climate change, 2000: The scientific basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
-Jassal, R. S., Black, T. A. and Nesic, Z., 2012. Biophysical controls of soil CO2 efflux in two coastal Douglas-fir stands at different temporal scales. Agricultural and Forest, Meteorology 153, 134–143.
-Lal, R., 2004. Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and foodsecurity. Science, 304, 1623–1627.
-Lloyd, J. and Taylor, J. A., 1994. On the temperature dependence of soil respiration. Function Ecology,. 8: 315–323.
-Losi, C. J., Siccama, T. G., Juan, R. C. and Morales, E., 2003: Analysis of alternative Methods for estimating carbonstock in young tropical plantations .Forest Ecology and Management, 184: 355–368.
-McLean, E. O., 1982. Soil pH and lime requirement. 107-138. In Methods of Soil Analysis. Miller, A. L., R. H. and Keeney, D. R., (Eds.,) Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Agronomy Society of America, Madison, WI.
-Nelson, D. W., Sommers, L. E., 1996. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. 961–1010. In :Methods of soil analysis. Sparks, D.L., PA Helmke, P. A., Loeppert,P. H., Soltanpour,P. N., Tabatabai,M. A. and Johnston,C, A., (Eds.,). Part 3: Chemical methods’. Soil Science Society of America, Inc., American Society of Agronomy, Inc.: Madison, WI
-Paustian, K., J. Six, Elliot and Harison, H. W. 2000. Hunt: Management options for reducing CO emissions from agricultural soils. Biogeochemistry, 48: 147-163.
-Risk, D., Kellman, L., Beltrami, H., 2002. Carbon dioxide in soil profiles: Production andtemperature dependence. Geophysical Research Letters, 29, 4p.
-Sarapatka, B. and Cizkova, S., 2013. The influence of different types of grassland on soil quality in upland areas of Czech Republic. Journal of Environmental Biology. 35: 453- 459.
-Shepherd, T. G., Saggar, S., Newman, R. H., Ross, C. W. and Dando, J. L., 2001. Tillage induced changes tosoil structure and soil organic carbon fractions in New Zealand soils. Australian Journal of SoilResearch 39, 465–489.
-Smith, P., 2012. Agricultural greenhouse gas mitigation potential globally, in Europe and in the UK: what have we learnt in the last 20 years? Global Change. Biology 18: 35-43.
-Song, M., Jiang J., Cao G. and Xu X., 2010. Effects of temperature, glucose and inorganic nitrogen inputs on carbon mineralization in a Tibetan alpine meadow soil. European Journal of Soil Biology. 46, 375-380
-Songa, M., Jianga, J., Caod, G. and Xu. X., 2010. Effects of temperature, glucose and inorganic nitrogen inputs on carbonmineralization in a Tibetan alpine meadow soil. European Journal of Soil Biology. 46, 375-380.
-Sousa, F. P., Ferreira, T. O., Mendonca, E. S., Romero, R. E. and Oliveira, J. G. B., 2012. Carbon and nitrogen in degraded Brazilian semi-arid soils undergoing desertification. Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment, 148, 11–21.
-Sparling, G. P., Shepherd, T. G. and Kettles, H. A., 1992. Changes in soil organic C, microbial C and aggregatestability under continuous maize and cereal cropping, and after restoration to pasture in soils fromManawatu region, New Zealand. Soil &Tillage Research 24, 225–241.
-Subke, J. A. and Bahn, M., 2010. On the ‘temperature sensitivity’ of soil respiration: can we use the immeasurable to predict the unknown? Soil Biol. Biochem. 42:1653–1656.
-Sun, D. S., Wesche, K., Chen, D. D., Zhang, S. H., Wu, G. L., Du, G. Z. and Comerford, N. B., 2011. Grazing depresses soil carbon storage through changing plant biomass and composition in a Tibetan alpine meadow. Plant Soil Environ. 57, 271–278.
-Uri, V., Varik, M., Aosaar, J., Kanal, A., Kukumägi, M. and Lõhmus, K., 2012.Biomass production and carbon sequestration in a fertile silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) forest chronosequence. Forest Ecology and Management, 267, 117–126.
-Van Schöll, L. and NieuweSnhuis, R., 2004. Soil fertility management. Agrodok 2. Wageningen (The Netherlands): Agromisa Foundation.
-Wang,Y. F., Cui,X. Y., Hao, Y. B., Mei, X. R., Yu, G. R., Huang, X. Z., Kang, X. M and Zhou, X. Q., 2011. The fluxes of CO2 from grazed and fenced temperate steppe during two drought years on the Inner Mongolia Plateau, China. Science of the Total Environment, 410-411, 182–190
-Wu, R. and Tiessen, H., 2002. Effect of land use on soil degradation in Alpine grassland soil, China. SoilScience Society of America Journal 66, 1648–1655
-Yuste, J. C., Baldocchi, D. D., Gershenson, A., Goldstein, A., Misson, L. and Wong, S., 2007. Microbial soil respiration and its dependency on carbon inputs, soil temperature and moisture. Global Change Biology, 13: 2018–2035.
-Zhang, C., Liu, G., Xue, S. and Sun, C., 2013.Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen storage as affected by land use in a smallwatershed of the Loess Plateau, China. European Journal of Soil Biology 54, 16-24.
-Zibilske, L. M., 1994, Carbon mineralization. In Methods of soil analysis, Part 2, R. W. Weaver et al., eds., pp. 835–863, SSSA Book Ser. 5 SSSA, Madison, WI.
)