نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانش‌آموخته دکتری مرتعداری، گروه احیاء مناطق خشک وکوهستانی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران
2 دانشیار، گروه احیاء مناطق خشک وکوهستانی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران
3 استاد، گروه احیاء مناطق خشک وکوهستانی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران
4 استادیار، دانشکده اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، ایران
چکیده
یکی از الزامات اجرایی کردن حکمرانی منابع طبیعی و توانمندسازی بهره‌برداران مرتع، تحلیل روابط اجتماعی در شبکه اجتماعی بهره‌برداران است. در این تحقیق تحلیل شبکه اجتماعی بهره‌برداران مرتع با تأکید بر پیوندهای اعتماد، مشارکت و مشورت در اقدامات مرتعداری، با محاسبه شاخص‌های سطح کلان شبکه در سه سامان عرفی فسنقر، پروند و ملوند با یکدیگر مقایسه شد. در این تحقیق از روش شبکه کامل (سرشماری) استفاده شده است و در سه سامان عرفی همه بهره‌برداران مرتع شامل 100 نفر به‌عنوان جامعه آماری در نظر گرفته شده‌اند. نتایج حکایت از آن دارد که در بین بهره‌برداران سامان عرفی پروند میزان سرمایه اجتماعی، پایداری روابط و تعادل شبکه با مقدار تراکم 8/50 درصد در حد متوسط و مشورت در بین آنها با داشتن میزان 8/43 و 5/40 برای دو روستای ملوند و فسنقر در حد ضعیفی نهادینه شده است. سرمایه اجتماعی پایین و سرعت کم گردش پیوند اعتماد، مشارکت و مشورت در بین بهره‌برداران این دو روستا از چالش‌های مهم در ایجاد ساختار مدیریت مشارکتی و به‌تبع آن بهبود حکمرانی مرتع در این مناطق است و نیاز به تقویت هرچه بیشتر سرمایه اجتماعی با افزایش اعتمادسازی در شبکه و ایجاد تمایل بهره‌برداران هر سه سامان عرفی برای مشارکت در فعالیت‌های مرتعداری برای ایجاد موفقیت در زمینه حکمرانی مرتع دارد. چه‌بسا در دو روستای ملوند و فسنقر نیاز به تقویت بیشتر روابط اجتماعی و افزایش سرمایه اجتماعی نسبت به روستای پروند است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Measuring and Comparing the Structural Characteristics of Social Capital of Users in regard with Rangeland Governance (Case study: Sabzevar County, Khorasan Razavi Province)
نویسندگان [English]
- Adeleh Khavar 1
- mehdi ghorbani 2
- Hosein Azarnivand 3
- Amir Alambaigi 4
- Shahram Khalighi Sigaroudi 2
1 Former Ph.D. Student in Rangeland Management, Department of Reclamation of Arid and Mountainous Regions, Natural Resources Faculty, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Reclamation of Arid and Mountainous Regions, Natural Resources Faculty, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
3 Professor, Department of Reclamation of Arid and Mountainous Regions, Natural Resources Faculty, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
4 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics and Agricultural Development, University of Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
One of the requirements for implementing natural resource governance and empowerment of rangeland users is the analysis of social relations in the social network of users. In this research, the analysis of the social network of rangeland users with an emphasis on the links of trust, participation, and consultation in rangeland management measures was compared with the calculation of macro-level indicators of the network in the three customary systems of Fasanqar, Parvand, and Malvand. Also, the complete network method (census) has been used, and in three customary systems, all rangeland users, including 100 people, have been considered a statistical population. The results show that among the users of the customary system, the amount of social capital, stability of relations, and network balance with a density of 50.8% on average and consultation between them with a rate of 43.8 and 40.5 for the two villages Malvand and Fasanqar are poorly institutionalized. Low social capital and low turnover of trust, participation and consultation between the users of these two villages are important challenges in creating a participatory management structure, and consequently, improving rangeland governance in these areas and the need to further strengthen social capital by increasing building trust in the network and creating the desire of users of all three customary systems to participate in rangeland activities to create success in rangeland governance. However, in the two villages of Malvand and Fasanqar, there is a need to further strengthen social relations and increase social capital compared to the Parvand village.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Trust
- Social Network Analysis
- Rangeland Users
- Participation
- Social Capital
- Acheson, J. M., 1981. Anthropology of fishing. Annual Review of Anthropology, 10: 275-316.
- Amini, M. and Mirdamadi, S., 2007. The Role of Co-management on the effectiveness of managers from the perspective of forest and rangelands experts, New Findings in Agriculture, 2(1): 96-109.
- Bodin, O. and Prell, C., 2011. Social Network in Natural Resources Management. Cambridge University Press.
- Bodin, O., Crona, B. and Ernston, H., 2006. Social network in natural resource governance: What relational patterns make a difference? Journal of Global Environmental Change, 19(3): 366-374.
- Borgatti, S., Everett, M. and Freeman, L., 1999. UCINET 6.0 Version. 1.00. Analytic Technologies, Natick, MA.
- Borgatti, S.P., Everett, M.G. and. Freeman, L.C., 2002. UCINET for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis, Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies.
- Creighton, J., 2005. The Public Participation Handbook: Making better Decisions through Citizen Involvement, John Wiley and Sone, San Francisco.
- Duit, A. and Galaz, V. 2008, Governance and complexity - emerging issues for governance theory. Journal of Governance, 21(3): 311-335.
- Ebrahimi, F., Ghorbani, M., Salajegheh, A. and Mohseni Saravi, M., 2014. Social network analysis of local stakeholders in action plan for water resources co-management (Case study: Jajrood River in Latian watershed, Darbandsar village). Journal of Watershed Management Sience Engineering, 8(25): 47-56.
- Faham, E., Rezvanfar, A. and Darvish, A.K., 2009. Participatation in social forestry, tehran, Pelk Press, 142p.
- Folke, C., Hahn, T., Olsson, P. and Norberg, J., 2005. Adaptive governance of socialecological systems. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 30: 441-473.
- Ghorbani, M., 2012. The role of social networks in operation mechanisms of Rangeland (Case Study Taleghan area), Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Natural Resources, Tehran University, 430 P.
- Ghorbani, M., Avazpour, L. and Yusefi, M., 2015. Analyze and evaluate social capital in order to strengthen the resilience of local communities and sustainable management of land, 68(3): 525-645.
- Granovetter, M., 1973. The strength of weak ties, American Journal of Sociology., 78(6): 201-233.
- Hahn, T., Olsson., P., Folke, C. and Johnson, K., 2006. Trust- building, knowledge generation and organization Innovations: The role of bridging organization for adaptive co-management of a wetland landscape around Kristianstad, Sweden Human Ecology, 34(4): 573-592.
- Hanneman, R. A. and Riddle, M., 2005. Introduction to Social Network method, California; University of California Riverside, California.
- Hanneman, R.A., 2001. Introduction to social network methods, california, University of California Riverside.
- Herman, R.D. and Renz, D.O., 2004. Doing things right: Effectiveness in local nonprofit organizations, a panel study. Public Administration Review, 64: 694–704.
- Jegers, M., 2009. ‘‘Corporate’’ governance in nonprofit organizations. A nontechnical review of the economic literature. Journal of Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 20: 143–164.
- Kim, S.E. and Lee, J.W., 2010. Impact of competing accountability requirements on perceived work performance. The American Review of Public Administration, 40: 100–118.
- Leahy, E. and Anderson, H., 2008. Trust factors in community-water resources management agency relationships, Journal of Landscape and Urban Planning, 87: 100–107.
- Lienert, J., Schnetzer, F. and Ingold, K., 2013. Stakeholder analysis combined with social network analysis provides fine-grained insights into water infrastructure planning processes. Journal of Environmental Management, 125: 134-148.
- Miri, G.H., Javan, J. and; Afrakhteh, H., Velayati, S. and Shayan, H., 2010. The role of social capital in rural development. Journal of Geography and Regional Development, 14: 77-88.
- Mohadjer, M.R., 2011. Silviculture. University of Tehran Press, Tehran, 450p.
- Mohammadi Kangarani, H. and Mohammadi, E., 2014. Introduction to social network method. (Hormozgan press).
- Ostrom, E., 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Plickert, G., Cote, R.R. and Wellman, B., 2007. It's not who you know, its how you know them: Who exchanges what with whom? Social Networks, 29: 405-429.
- Prell, C., Hubacek, K. and Reed, M., 2009. Stakeholder analysis and social network analysis in natural resource management, Journal of Society and Natural Resources, 22: 501-518.
- Pretty, J. and Ward, H., 2001. Social capital and the environment. Journal of Word Development, 29(2): 209- 227.
- Rasekhi, S., 2014. Social Network Analysis in Policy Making and Planing of Rangeland Co-Management (Case Study: Fars Province), Ph.D Thesis, Department of Natural Resources, University of Azad Islamic.
- Richards, M., 1997. Common property resource institutions and forest management in Latin America. Journal of Development and Change, 28: 95-117.
- Rowe, G. and Frewer, J., 2005. "A typology of public engagement mechanisms”, Science Technology Human Values, 30: 251-290.
- Salari sardari, F., Beiranvandzadeh, M. and Alizadeh, D., 2014. Comparative evaluation of the role of social capital in regional sustainable development (Case Study: Urban and Rural Settlements in South Pars (Assalouyeh)). Hoviat Shahr Journal, 8: 77-88.
- Salari, F., 2014. Modeling and analysis of watershed network in resin watershed in Kermanshah (Master's thesis). Department of Natural Resources, University of Tehran.
- Scholz, R.W., 2011. Environmental Literacy in Science and Society: From Knowledge to Decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 631P.
- Shahhoseini, M., 2002. Studying the impact of social capital on the performance of circulating women's credit associations in Tehran, Universitóy of Azad Islamic, 250p.
- Wellens, L.M. and Jegers, M., 2014. Effective governance in nonprofit organizations: A literature based multiple stakeholder approach. Journal of European Management, 32: 223– 243.
- Woolcock, M. and Narayan, D., 2000. Social capital implictions for development. Theory Research,and policy World Bank Research, 15: 225-249.
- Zand Razavi, S., 2009. Sociology and renewable natural resources crisis in Iran (Case Study: Gushk Area, Kerman Province). Tehran, Ghatre Press, 364p.
)