نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
استادیار، گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری و عضو گروه پژوهشی خشکسالی و تغییر اقلیم، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیطزیست، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران
چکیده
سابقه و هدف
به نظر میرسد رابطه متقابلی بین کلاسهای وضعیت مرتع و خصوصیات پوشش گیاهی و تنوع زیستی وجود داشته باشد اما در این مورد، اطلاعات اندک و متناقضی وجود دارد. این تحقیق به منظور مقایسه درصد پوشش، لاشبرگ، تراکم و تولید و شاخصهای عددی تنوع زیستی در 11 تیپ گیاهی منطقه حفاظتشده درمیان-سربیشه انجام شد.
مواد و روشها
پس از پیمایش صحرایی و شناسایی تیپهای گیاهی، ۱۱ تیپ گیاهی در کل منطقه قابل تشخیص بود که در آن نمونهبرداری به روش تصادفی-سیستماتیک انجام شد. بدین منظور در هر تیپ گیاهی سه منطقه معرف انتخاب گردید و در هر منطقه معرف سه ترانسکت مستقر و در هر ترانسکت ۲۰ پلات ۴ مترمربعی نمونهبرداری شد. در هر پلات درصد پوشش گیاهی، لاشبرگ، تراکم و تولید اندازهگیری شد. پوشش تاجی و درصد لاشبرگ به روش چشمی برآورد شد. تراکم گیاهی به روش شمارشی و در واحد سطح محاسبه گردید. تولید از طریق اطلاعات پوشش برآورد شد. برای برآورد تولید درختچهایها از روش ادلاید استفاده شد. برای تعیین وضعیت مرتع از روش چهار فاکتوری تعدیل شده استفاده گردید. مؤلفههای اصلی تنوع گونهای شامل غنای گونهای، یکنواختی گونهای و غالبیت گونهای با استفاده از شاخصهای متداول محاسبه شد. همچنین از مدلهای توزیع فراوانی گونهای (عصای شکسته، لوگ نرمال، سری لگاریتمی و سری هندسی) برای بررسی گرافیکی تنوع گیاهی استفاده شد. برای تعیین بهترین برازش توزیع گونهای با هریک از مدلهای آماری، از آزمون کای- اسکور استفاده شد. به منظور مقایسه خصوصیات پوشش گیاهی و مؤلفههای تنوع گونهای در بین ۱۱ تیپ گیاهی مورد مطالعه، از آزمونهای تجزیه واریانس یکطرفه (ANOVA) و چند دامنهای دانکن استفاده شد.
نتایج
نتایج تحلیل واریانس نشان میدهد که بین ۱۱ تیپ گیاهی مورد مطالعه از لحاظ خصوصیات پوشش گیاهی شامل درصد پوشش گیاهی، درصد لاشبرگ، تراکم گیاهی و تولید علوفه و شاخصهای عددی مربوط به تنوع گونهای شامل غنای گونهای، تنوع گونهای، یکنواختی گونهای و غالبیت گونهای در سطح 01/0 تفاوت معنیداری وجود دارد. مقایسه میانگینها نشان میدهد که بیشترین درصد پوشش گیاهی متعلق به تیپ Stipa barbata - Artemisia aucheri (23/51 درصد) در وضعیت خوب است. تیپ Acantholimon scorpinus - Cousinia eryngioides و Cousinia eryngioides- Eryngium bungei (به ترتیب 27/46 و 44/40 درصد) در وضعیت فقیر در ردههای بعدی هستند. بیشترین تراکم گیاهی متعلق به تیپ Stipa barbata - Artemisia aucheri (157 پایه) در وضعیت خوب و پس از آن تیپ Lactuca orientalis- Eryngium bungei (126 پایه) در وضعیت فقیر میباشد. تیپهای Artemisia aucheri- Astragalus verusدر وضعیت خوب و Acantholimon scorpinus - Cousinia eryngioides در وضعیت فقیر از تنوع گونهای بالاتری برخوردار هستند (شاخص شانون به ترتیب 51/2 و 48/2). دادههای فراوانی گونهای تیپهای Cousinia eryngioides- Eryngium bungei و Lactuca orientalis- Eryngium bungei (با وضعیت فقیر) با مدل لوگ نرمال بیشترین برازش را داشتند که نشاندهنده جوامع با ثبات است. همینطور تیپهای Artemisia aucheri- Astragalus verus و Stipa barbata - Artemisia aucheri که از وضعیت خوب برخوردار هستند، از مدلهای سری لگاریتمی و سری هندسی که نشاندهنده جوامع ناپایدار و شکننده هستند تبعیت میکنند.
نتیجهگیری
نتایج نشان داد که وضعیت مرتع مستقل از درصد پوشش گیاهی، تولید، تراکم، غنا، تنوع، یکنواختی و غالبیت گونهای است. برخی از تیپهای گیاهی با وجود درصد تاج پوشش، تولید و تراکم بالا باز هم در وضعیت فقیر هستند. در این تحقیق نشان داده شد که تنوع گونهای بالا حتی در وضعیت فقیر مرتع نیز مشاهده میشود و لزوماً نشاندهنده ثبات اکوسیستم مرتعی نخواهد بود، همچنین نمیتوان از روی مدلهای توزیع فراوانی گونهای به وضعیت پایداری اکوسیستم و تنوع زیستی آن پی برد.
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Comparison of vegetation, production and species diversity in different range condition classes (Case study: Darmian-Sarabisheh Protected Area)
نویسنده [English]
- Rostam Moslempour
Assistant Professor, Department of Rangeland and Watershed Management and Research Group of Drought and Climate Change, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
چکیده [English]
Background and objectives
It seems that there is a mutual relationship between the classes of rangeland conditions and the characteristics of vegetation and biodiversity. However, there is relatively little and contradictory information in this regard. This research was conducted to compare the percentage of cover, litter, density, production, and numerical indicators of biodiversity among 11 types of plants in the Darmian-Sarabisheh protected area.
Methodology
After the field survey and identification of plant types, 11 plant types could be identified in the entire area. Sampling was done by the random-systematic method. For this purpose, three key areas were selected for each plant type, three transects were established in each key area, and 20 plots of 4 square meters were sampled in each transect. In each plot, the percentage of vegetation cover, litter, density, and production was measured. Canopy cover and litter percentage were determined visually. Plant density was calculated by counting plants per unit area. Production was estimated through cover vegetation by double sampling. The Adelaide method was used to estimate shrub production. The range condition was evaluated by the modified four-factor method. Species diversity components, including species richness, evenness, and dominance, were calculated by numerical indices. Also, species abundance distribution models (broken-stick, log-normal, log series, and geometric series) were applied to evaluate plant diversity graphically. The chi-square goodness-of-fit test was used to determine the most accurate fit of species distribution to each statistical model. To compare vegetation characteristics and species diversity components among the 11 studied plant types, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range tests were conducted.
Results
The results of the analysis of variance showed that between the 11 plant types studied in terms of vegetation characteristics, including the percentage of vegetation cover, litter, plant density, and production, and numerical indices related to species diversity, including species richness, evenness, and dominance, there is a significant difference at the p≤0.01. The mean comparison results showed that the highest vegetation cover percentage belongs to Artemisia aucheri - Stipa barbata (51.23%) in good condition. Acantholimon scorpinus - Cousinia eryngioides and Eryngium bungei- Cousinia eryngioides (46.27% and 40.44%, respectively) in poor condition are in the next. The highest plant density belongs to Artemisia aucheri - Stipa barbata (157 individuals) in good condition, followed by Eryngium bungei- Lactuca orientalis (126 individuals) in poor condition. Astragalus verus- Artemisia aucheri in good condition and Acantholimon scorpinus - Cousinia eryngioides in poor condition have higher species diversity (H¢=2.51 and 2.48, respectively). The species abundance of Eryngium bungei- Cousinia eryngioides and Eryngium bungei- Lactuca orientalis types (in poor condition) follows the log-normal series, which represents stable communities. Also, Astragalus verus- Artemisia aucheri and Artemisia aucheri- Stipa barbata, which are in good condition, follow the log series and the geometric series, which represent unstable and fragile communities.
Conclusion
Range condition was independent of vegetation cover, production, density, species richness, diversity, evenness, and dominance. Some vegetation types are in poor condition despite high vegetation cover, density, and production. The present study also showed that high species diversity is observed even in the poor-condition class of vegetation types and does not necessarily indicate rangeland stability. Determining ecosystem stability and biodiversity based on species abundance distributions (SADs) is also impossible.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- Density
- percentage canopy cover
- species abundance distributions
- range condition
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