همکاری با انجمن علمی مدیریت و کنترل مناطق بیابانی ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار پژوهشی، بخش تحقیقات جنگل، مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، تهران، ایران

2 کارشناس ارشد پژوهشی، بخش تحقیقات بیابان، مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، تهران، ایران

3 کارشناس ارشد پژوهشی، بخش تحقیقات جنگل، مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، تهران، ایران

10.22092/ijrdr.2024.130968

چکیده

سابقه و هدف
خاک یکی از باارزش­ترین منابع­طبیعی محسوب می­شود و وجود حیات بر سطح کره زمین علاوه بر آب و هوا به ­وجود خاک بستگی دارد. پایداری خاک، عامل مهمی در سلامت سیستم خاک بوده و پیش­نیاز انجام فرایندهایی مانند چرخه عناصر در خاک است. فرسایش خاک یک مشکل و تهدید جدی در مناطق مختلف دنیا محسوب می­شود، بنابراین حفاظت و جلوگیری از فرسایش خاک به­عنوان یک منبع طبیعی تجدیدناپذیر از اولویت بالایی بر­خوردار است. برای جلوگیری از فرسایش خاک روش­های متعدد فیزیکی، مکانیکی و شیمیایی وجود دارد که با توجه به گران بودن و اثرهای زیانبار محیط‌زیستی آنها، امروزه توجه زیادی به روش­های زیستی دوستدار محیط‌زیست می‌شود. در این مطالعه پتانسیل باکتری­های مولد آنزیم اوره­آز در تثبیت زیستی و جلوگیری از فرسایش خاک بررسی شد.
 
مواد و روش‌ها
نمونه­های خاک سطحی از منطقه بازفت در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری جمع­آوری و به آزمایشگاه منتقل شدند. از روش کشت انتخابی و غنی­سازی برای جدا کردن باکتری­های مولد اوره­آز در محیط کشت تجاری افتراقی اوره آگار بیس استفاده شد. فعالیت آنزیم اوره­آز در باکتری­های جدا شده با روش تغییر در هدایت الکتریکی بررسی و سه باکتری که بالاترین فعالیت آنزیمی را داشتند انتخاب و در مراحل بعدی از آنها استفاده شد. برای شناسایی باکتری­های انتخاب شده از روشColony PCR و پرایمرهای یونیورسال f14 و r1492استفاده گردید. میزان مقاومت فشاری و برشی خاک، 14 روز پس از تلقیح باکتری­های منتخب با استفاده از پنترومتر جیبی و توروین اندازه­گیری شد. پس از تعیین سرعت آستانه، خاک­های تلقیح شده در معرض تونل باد قرار گرفته و میزان هدررفت خاک در سرعت­های مختلف باد (3/17، 09/22 و 20/27 متر بر ثانیه) اندازه­گیری شد.
 
نتایج
باکتری­های مولد آنزیم اوره­آز با تغییر رنگ محیط کشت از زرد کم‌رنگ به صورتی تشخیص داده شدند. نتایج نشان داد که خاک­های این منطقه پتانسیل بالایی از نظر حضور باکتری­های مولد اوره­آز دارند. سه گونه منتخب براساس روش مولکولی تحت عنوان Bacillus thuringiensis، Bacillus sp. و Exiguobacterium sp. شناسایی شدند. در خاک­های تلقیح­شده با باکتری­های منتخب، مقاومت فشاری و برشی خاک در مقایسه با کنترل افزایش یافت. گونه­های .Bacillua sp (RIFR-U7) و Exiguobacterium sp. (RIFR-U10) به­ترتیب باعث بالاترین مقاومت فشاری (kg/cm2 241/±0 56/1) و برشی (kg/cm2 18/66±0/2) شدند. سرعت آستانه برای نمونه کنترل m/s 19/12تعیین شد. اندازه­گیری هدررفت خاک در خاک­های تیمار شده با باکتری­های منتخب در سرعت­های مختلف منجر به کاهش هدررفت خاک در مقایسه با خاک­های کنترل شد. نتایج نشان داد که سویه .Bacillus sp (RIFR-U7) بالاترین کارایی را در جلوگیری از هدررفت خاک داشت.
نتیجه ­گیری
افزایش مقاومت فشاری و برشی در خاک­های تیمار شده نشان داد که این باکتری­ها جزء تثبیت­کننده­های متوسط تا خوب برای افزایش مقاومت فشاری و بسیار خوب برای افزایش مقاومت برشی قابل ارزیابی هستند. بررسی نتایج تونل باد نشان داد که تلقیح گونه Bacillua sp. (RIFR-U7) در مقایسه با دو باکتری دیگر می­تواند مقاومت بیشتری در برابر فرسایش بادی داشته باشد. در مجموع، بنظر می­رسد که براساس اینکه چه خصوصیتی از خاک بهبود یابد و یا هدف مقاومت در برابر چه نوع فرسایشی است، از گونه­های مختلف و یا ترکیبی از آنها باید استفاده کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Potential of urease producing bacteria on biological stabilization and prevention of soil erosion

نویسندگان [English]

  • Maryam Teimouri 1
  • Leila Kashi Zenouzi 2
  • Tahereh Alizadeh 3

1 Assistant Prof., Forest Department, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agriculture, Research, Education and Extension Organization, (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

2 Research Expert, Desert Department, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agriculture, Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

3 Research Expert, Forest Department, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agriculture, Research, Education and Extension Organization, (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Background and objective
Soil is considered one of the most valuable natural resources and the existence of life on the surface of the earth depends on the existence of soil in addition to water and air. Soil stability is an important factor in the health of the soil system and it is a prerequisite to perform processes such as the cycle of elements in the soil. Soil erosion is a serious problem and threat in different regions of the world, and therefore protecting and preventing soil erosion as a non-renewable natural resource is of high priority. To prevent soil erosion, there are various physical, mechanical, and chemical methods.  Due to their high cost and harmful effects on the environment, today much attention is paid to biological methods that are friendly to the environment. This study aimed to investigate the potential of urease producing bacteria on biological stabilization and prevention of soil erosion.
 
Methodology
Soil samples were collected from the Bazoft area in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari provinces and transported to the laboratory. The enrichment and selective method was used to screen urease producing bacteria in the urea agar base culture medium. The activity of the urease was investigated by the electrical conductivity method and three strains with the highest urease activity were selected and used in further steps. The selected strains were identified by molecular methods, colony PCR by using 14f and 1492r universal primers, and sequencing. The compressive and shear strength was estimated in inoculated soils after 14 days.  The wind erosion threshold velocity was measured in the wind tunnel. The soil loss was estimated at different wind speeds (17.3, 22.09, and 27/20 m/s) in the inoculated soils.
 
Results
The urease-producing bacteria were identified by changing the color of the culture medium from yellow to pink. The results showed that the soils of this area have a high potential for urease producing bacteria. Three species were selected based on their urease activity and identified as Bacillus thuringiensis (RIFR-U3), Bacillus sp. (RIFR-U7), and Exiguobacterium sp. (RIFR-U10). The compressive and shear strength increased in soil inoculated with the selected bacteria compared to the control.  The highest compressive (1.56± 0.241 kg/cm2) and shear strength (2.066±0.18 kg/cm2) were detected in the soils inoculated with Bacillus sp. (RIFR-U7) and Exiguobacterium sp. (RIFR-U10) strains, respectively. The wind erosion threshold velocity was 12.19 m/s. The soil loss was less in the inoculated soils with bacteria compared to control and Bacillus sp. (RIFR-U7) had the highest efficiency in preventing soil loss.
 
Conclusion
The increased compressive and shear strength showed that these selected strains are moderate to good stabilizers for increasing compressive strength and very good for increasing shear strength. The wind tunnel results showed that Bacillus sp. (RIFR-U7) inoculated soil was more resistant to wind erosion compared to the other two strains and controls. In conclusion, it seems that different strains or a combination of them can be used based on what characteristic of the soil is to be improved or the purpose of resistance against which erosion

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Calcium carbonate
  • Compressive strength
  • Erosion
  • Shear strength
  • Wind tunnel
 
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