همکاری با انجمن علمی مدیریت و کنترل مناطق بیابانی ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس اداره کل منابع طبیعی و آبخیزداری استان گلستان، ایران

2 گروه مهندسی طبیعت، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه جیرفت

3 استادیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات بیابان، مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگل‌ها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

10.22092/ijrdr.2024.130970

چکیده

سابقه و هدف
 برآورده نشدن نیازها، تغییر اقلیم و تعارضات اجتماعی و اقتصادی حاصل از آن زندگی جوامع عشایری را با چالش‌های زیادی مواجه کرده است. به‌طوری‌که آنها مجبور به ترک دامداری به شکل موقت یا دائم هستند. در همین راستا، این تحقیق به شناسایی و تحلیل علل ترک دامداری بهره‌برداران عشایری در مراتع قشلاقی شمال‌شرقی ایران پرداخته است.
 
مواد و روش‌ها
 این تحقیق به لحاظ هدف کاربردی و براساس گردآوری اطلاعات توصیفی از نوع پیمایشی است که با بهره‌گیری از رویکرد آمیخته انجام شد. جامعه آماری را 175 خانوار عشایری کرد کُرمانج خراسان شمالی از چهار سامان عرفی در مراتع حوزه آجی‌سو در شهرستان مراوه‌تپه استان گلستان تشکیل می‌دهند. با توجه به فرمول Yamane (1967)، 122 بهره‌بردار به عنوان تعداد نمونه به روش طبقه‌ای تصادفی با انتساب متناسب در درون سامان‌های عرفی مورد مطالعه انتخاب شدند. ابزار سنجش پرسش‌نامه محقق‌ساخت بود که گویه‌ها و مؤلفه‌های تشکیل‌دهنده آن براساس 15 مصاحبه با خبرگان که براساس تکنیک گلوله برفی شناسایی شدند، نهایی گردید. به‌طوری‌که پرسش‌نامه براساس 46 گویه در قالب 11 مؤلفه تهیه شد. هریک از گویه‌ها از طریق طیف پنج گزینه‌ای لیکرت شامل خیلی‌کم (با ارزش عددی 1)، کم (با ارزش عددی 2)، تا حدودی (با ارزش عددی 3)، زیاد (با ارزش عددی 4) و خیلی‌زیاد (با ارزش عددی 5) سنجش شدند. روایی محتوایی و صوری پرسش‌نامه از طریق نظرات کارشناسان و براساس معیار روایی همگرا (AVE) که حداقل مقدار آن 5/0 است، تأیید شد. برای تعیین میزان پایایی ابزار سنجش، دو معیار ضریب آلفای کرونباخ و پایایی ترکیبی (CR) محاسبه شد که مقدار بیشتر از 7/0 برای آنها قابل قبول می‌باشد. پس از جمع‌آوری اطلاعات، محاسبات آماری در این تحقیق براساس نرم‌افزارهای SPSS25 و Smart PLS3 در دو بخش توصیفی و استنباطی انجام شد.
 
نتایج
نتایج به‌دست آمده از مقایسه میانگین رتبه‌ای نشان داد که پنج مؤلفه «چالش‌های مدیریت دام و مرتع»، «تغییرات اقلیمی و تهدیدهای حاصل از آن»، «عدم تناسب بازار با ضرورت‌های نوین مرتع‌داری»، «عدم اقتصادی بودن دامداری و کاهش قدرت پس‌انداز» و «تجربیات زندگی خارج از دامداری و تغییرات رسومات بومی» به ترتیب با بیشترین مقدار میانگین رتبه‌ای 09/10، 87/9، 27/8، 14/8 و 93/7 بالاترین درجه اهمیت و اثرگذاری را در ترک دامداری بهره‌برداران عشایری در منطقهٔ مورد مطالعه داشته است. نتایج به‌دست آمده از روابط مؤلفه‌های مدل علل ترک دامداری بهره‌برداران عشایری نشان داد که کلیه روابط در سطح 95 درصد اطمینان مثبت و معنی‌دار بوده است. به‌طوری‌که قوی‌ترین روابط به «تجربه زندگی خارج از دامداری← تضاد» و «کاهش توانایی خانوادگی← تجربه زندگی خارج از دامداری» با ضریب مسیر 687/0 و 547/0 اختصاص یافته است. ضعیف‌ترین آنها نیز به دو رابطه «ضعف خدمات دولتی← کاهش پس‌انداز» و «ضعف خدمات دولتی← عدم تناسب بازار» تعلق دارد. همان‌طور که نتایج نشان داد تغییر اقلیم و پیامدهای حاصل از آن بر دو عامل کاهش تولیدات و دسترسی ضعیف به منابع مالی (010/0=ρ، 363/0=β و 585/2=t) و ضعف خدمات دولتی و کمبود زیرساخت‌ها (000/0=ρ، 301/0=β و 364/4=t) در سطح 99 درصد اطمینان تأثیر مثبت و معنی‌داری داشته است.
 
نتیجه‌گیری
با توجه به نتایج به‌دست آمده، توسعه حمایت‌های معیشتی دولت ازجمله امکانات آموزشی و زیرساخت‌های بهداشتی و درمانی، ارائه تسهیلات و وام‌های بانکی ارزان برای توسعه مشاغل با هدف کاهش وابستگی بهره‌برداران به مرتع، توسعه خدمات دامپزشکی رایگان در امور عشایر استان، افزایش یارانه‌های دولتی در توزیع خوراک مکمل دام، آرد و سوخت، زمینه‌سازی برای تأمین آب‌شرب دام و خانواده، ایجاد فرصت‌های شغلی از طریق برگزاری دوره‌های مهارت‌آموزی و حرفه‌ای مشاغل مانند صنایع دستی و تولید محصولات لبنی هدفمند، ایجاد بازارهای دامی و عرضه فروش زنده دام در آن، برای جلوگیری از ترک دامداری جوامع عشایری پیشنهاد می‌گردد.           

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Uncovering the causes of Abandoning traditional animal husbandry by nomadic pastoralists of northeastern Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammadreza Shahraki 1
  • Mohsen Sharafatmandrad 2
  • Yaser GHasemi Arian 3

1 Expert of the Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Golestan Province, Gorgan, Iran.

2 Department of Natural Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran.

3 Assistant Professor, Desert Research Section, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Background and purpose
Failure to meet needs, climate change and resulting social and economic conflicts have faced many challenges in the life of nomadic communities. So that they are forced to leave animal husbandry temporarily or permanently. In this regard, the present research has identified and analyzed the reasons for the abandonment of livestock by nomadic in the summery rangeland of northeastern Iran.
Materials and methods
The current research purpose is applied and descriptive information was collected by survey method and using a mixed approach. The statistical population is consists of 175 Kurdish nomadic households of Kurmanj, North Khorasan, from four traditional communities in the rangelands of Ajisu area in Marve-tape city, Golestan province. According to Yamane's (1967) formula, 122 beneficiaries were selected as a sample using a stratified random method with proportional assignment within the studied customary systems. The measurement tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, the items and components of which were finalized based on 15 interviews with experts who were identified based on the snowball technique. So that the questionnaire was prepared based on 46 items in the form of 11 components. Each of the items through a five-point Likert scale including very little (with a numerical value of 1), little (with a numerical value of 2), to some extent (with a numerical value of 3), a lot (with a numerical value of 4) and A lot (with a numerical value of 5) were measured. The content and face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through experts' opinions and based on the convergent validity criterion (AVE), which has a minimum value of 0.5. To determine the reliability of the measurement tool, two criteria, Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability (CR) were calculated, for which a value greater than 0.7 is acceptable. After collecting data, statistical calculations in this research were done based on SPSS25 and Smart PLS3 software in two descriptive and inferential sections.
Results
The results obtained from the average rank comparison showed that the five components of "livestock and rangeland management challenges", "climate changes and the resulting threats", "incompatibility of the market with the new needs of grazing", "lack of economic The presence of animal husbandry and the reduction of saving power" and "life experiences outside of animal husbandry and changes in local customs" respectively, with the highest mean values of 10.09, 9.87, 8.27, 8.14 and 7.93 are the highest. It has had a degree of importance and influence in the abandonment of livestock by nomadic in the studied area. The results obtained from the relationships between the components of the model of the reasons for the abandonment of livestock by nomadic showed that all the relationships were positive and significant at the 95% confidence level. So that the strongest relationships are assigned to "life experience outside ranching → conflict" and "reduction in family ability → life experience outside ranching" with path coefficients of 0.687 and 0.547. The weakest of them also belong to the two relations "weakness of government services → reduction of savings" and "weakness of government services → market mismatch". As the results showed, climate change and its consequences on the two factors of production reduction and poor access to financial resources (ρ=0.010, β=0.363 and t=2.585) and the weakness of government services and lack of Infrastructures (ρ=0.000, β=0.301 and t=4.364) had a positive and significant effect at the 99% confidence level.
Conclusion
According to the obtained results, the development of livelihood support of the government, including educational facilities and health and medical infrastructures, providing facilities and cheap bank loans for the development of businesses with the aim of reducing the dependence of users on rangeland, development of veterinary services free in the affairs of the nomads of the province, increasing government subsidies in the distribution of supplementary animal feed, flour and fuel, laying the groundwork for providing drinking water for animals and families, creating job opportunities through the holding of professional and skill training courses Businesses such as handicrafts and the production of targeted dairy products, the creation of livestock markets and the sale of live livestock are suggested in order to prevent nomadic communities from abandoning traditional animal husbandry

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • climate change
  • rangeland degradation
  • Abandoning traditional animal husbandry
  • Maraveh-Tape
Ancey, V., Rangé, C., Magnani, S. D. and and Patat, C., 2020. Pastoralist youth in towns and cities-Summary report, Supporting the economic and social integration of pastoralist youth Chad and Burkina Faso. Rome, FAO.
Ayantunde, A. A., De Leeuw, J., Turner, M. D. and Said, M., 2011. Challenges of assessing the sustainability of (agro)-pastoral systems, Livestock Science, 139 (1-2): 30-43.
Baniasadi, M., Zare Mehrjardi, M.R., Mehrabi Bashar Abadi, H., Mirzai Khalil Abadi, H.R. and Rezai Estakhrouyeh, A., 2018. Assessing the welfare externalities of excessive groundwater withdrawals (Case study: Kerman-Corn farmers of Orzouiyeh plain), Agricultural Economics Research, 10 (37): 65-86 (In Persian).
Bates, D.C. 2002. Environmental refugees? Classifying human migrations caused by environmental change, Population and Environment, 23: 465-477.
Biazin, B. and Sterk, G., 2013. Drought vulnerability drives land-use and land cover changes in the Rift Valley dry lands of Ethiopia, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 164: 100-113.
Boles, O. J., Shoemaker, A., Courtney Mustaphi, C. J., Petek, N., Ekblom, A. and Lane, P.J., 2019. Historical ecologies of pastoralist overgrazing in Kenya: long-term perspectives on cause and effect, Human Ecology, 47: 419-434.
Bolowe, M. A., Thutwa, K., Monau, P. I., Malejane, C. and Kgwatalala, P. M., 2022. Production Characteristics and Management Practices of Indigenous Tswana Sheep in Southern Districts of Botswana, Animals, 12 (7): 830.
Bum, T. 2018. Translating ecological migration policy: A conjunctural analysis of Tibetan pastoralist resettlement in China, Critical Asian Studies, 50 (4): 518-536.
Cobbinah, P. B. and Korah, P.I., 2016. Religion gnaws urban planning: the geography of places of worship in Kumasi, Ghana, International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 8 (2): 93-109.
Egeru, A., Wasonga, O., Gabiri, G., MacOpiyo, L., Mburu, J. and Mwanjalolo Majaliwa, J.G., 2019. Land cover and soil properties influence on forage quantity in a semiarid region in East Africa, Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2019: e6874268 https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6874268.
Gongbuzeren, Wenjun, L. and Yupei, L., 2021. The role of community cooperative institutions in building rural–urban linkages under urbanization of pastoral regions in China, Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5: 612207.
Góngora, R., Milán, M. J. and López-i-Gelats, F., 2019. Pathways of incorporation of young farmers into livestock farming, Land Use Policy, 85: 183-194.
Haghiyan, I., Mofidi-Chelan, M., Azadi, H., Nejatiyanpour, E., Motamedi, J., Sheidai-Karkaj, E. and Scheffran, J., 2022. Evaluating economic and ecological management to determine the economic size of pastoral units for different climatic zones in the northeast of Iran, Journal of Environmental Management, 301: 113766.
Han, C., Wang, G., Zhang, Y., Song, L. and Zhu, L., 2020. Analysis of the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics and influencing factors of China’s herbivorous animal husbandry industry, PLoS One, 15 (8): e0237827.
Jin, Y. and Li, W., 2019. Impacts of Spontaneous Migration and Policy-Driven Migration on the Livelihood of Pastoralists: A Case Study in Nangqian County, Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai Province, Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao, 55 (6): 1119-1128.
Krätli, S., Huelsebusch, C., Brooks, S. and Kaufmann, B., 2013. Pastoralism: A critical asset for food security under global climate change, Animal Frontiers, 3 (1): 42-50.
Li, Y. and Li, W., 2015. China’s rangeland management policy debates: What have we learned?, Rangeland Ecology & Management, 68 (4): 305-314.
López-i-Gelats, F., Fraser, E. D., Morton, J. F. and Rivera-Ferre, M. G., 2016. What drives the vulnerability of pastoralists to global environmental change? A qualitative meta-analysis, Global Environmental Change, 39: 258-274.
Maru, N., Nori, M., Scoones, I., Semplici, G. and Triandafyllidou, A., 2022. Embracing uncertainty: rethinking migration policy through pastoralists’ experiences, Comparative Migration Studies, 10 (1): 1-18.
Moameri, M., Hojabr, F. and Ghorbani, A., 2022a. The impact of economic factors on rural-urban migration of ranchers in Ardabil province, Journal of Rangeland, 16 (3): 635-651 (In Persian).
Moameri, M., Hojabr, F., Ghorbani, A. and Abbasi Khalaki, M., 2022b. Factor analysis of parameters affecting migration of ranchers in Ardabil province, Journal of Plant Ecosystem Consevation, 10 (20): 91-110 (In Persian). 
Munishi, E.J.,  2013. Rural-urban migration of the Maasai nomadic pastoralist youth and resilience in Tanzania: Case studies in Ngorongoro District, Arusha Region and Dar es Salaam City, Institut für Umweltsozialwissenschaften und Geographie.
Nkedianye, D. K., Ogutu, J. O., Said, M. Y., Kifugo, S. C., de Leeuw, J., Van Gardingen, P. and Reid, R. S., 2020. Comparative social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenure among the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania, Pastoralism, 10: 1-25.
Pica‐Ciamarra, U., Tasciotti, L., Otte, J. and Zezza, A., 2015. Livestock in the household economy: Cross‐country evidence from microeconomic data, Development Policy Review, 33 (1): 61-81.
Pickson, R. B. and He, G., 2021. Smallholder farmers’ perceptions, adaptation constraints, and determinants of adaptive capacity to climate change in Chengdu, SAGE Open, 11 (3): 21582440211032638.
Ragie, F. H., Olivier, D. W., Hunter, L. M., Erasmus, B. F., Vogel, C., Collinson, M. and Twine, W., 2020. A portfolio perspective of rural livelihoods in Bushbuckridge, South Africa, South African Journal of Science, 116 (9-10): 1-8.
Robinson, S., Kerven, C., Behnke, R., Kushenov, K. and Milner-Gulland, E.J., 2016. The changing role of bio-physical and socio-economic drivers in determining livestock distributions: A historical perspective from Kazakhstan, Agricultural Systems, 143: 169-182.
Sabyrbekov, R., 2019. Income diversification strategies among pastoralists in Central Asia: Findings from Kyrgyzstan, Pastoralism, 9 (1): 14.
Shamsodini, A. and Gorjian, P., 2010. Effective factors in the migration of villagers to cities, with an emphasis on the migration network (Case: Rostam Do District), Journal of Studies of Human Settlements Planning, 5 (11): 75-92 (In Persian).   
Snorek, J., 2011. Diverse views of the causes of environmental migration among pastoralists in northern Niger, In A paper presented at the IASCP Conference, Hyderabad.
Snorek, J., Moser, L. and Renaud, F.G., 2017. The production of contested landscapes: Enclosing the pastoral commons in Niger, Journal of Rural Studies, 51: 125-140.
van Zanten, H. H., Mollenhorst, H., Klootwijk, C. W., van Middelaar, C. E. and de Boer, I.J., 2016. Global food supply: land use efficiency of livestock systems, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 21: 747-758.
Wafula, W. M., Wasonga, O. V., Koech, O. K. and Kibet, S., 2022. Factors influencing migration and settlement of pastoralists in Nairobi City, Kenya, Pastoralism, 12: 1-14.
Wang, L.J. and Xiu, C.B., 2014. A micro-level analysis of the urbanization of emigrants from Inner Mongolia pastoral areas, China Soft Sci, 3: 76-87.
Wei, Y. and Zhen, L., 2020. The dynamics of livestock and its influencing factors on the Mongolian Plateau, Environmental Development, 34: 100518.
Xu, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, J. and John, R., 2019. Livestock dynamics under changing economy and climate in Mongolia, Land Use Policy, 88: 104120.
Yang, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Su, Y., Wu, X., Yan, S. and Yang, S., 2022. Impact of socio-economic and environmental factors on livestock production in Kyrgyzstan, Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10: 1049187.
Zhu, J., 2018. Transition of villages during urbanization as collective communities: A case study of Kunshan, China, Cities, 72: 320-328.